Estonia

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 516,000 (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2023 est.)

Broadcast media

the publicly owned broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhaaling (ERR), operates 3 TV channels and 5 radio networks; growing number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting nationally, regionally, and locally; fully transitioned to digital television in 2010; national private TV channels expanding service, with a range of channels aimed at Russian-speaking viewers; in 2016, there were 42 on-demand services available in Estonia, including 19 pay TVOD and SVOD services; roughly 85% of households accessed digital television services

Internet country code

.ee

Internet users

percent of population: 93% (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 227,000 (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2024 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 2.06 million (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 151 (2024 est.)

Agricultural products

milk, wheat, barley, rapeseed, peas, oats, potatoes, rye, pork, triticale (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Average household expenditures

on food: 19.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.) on alcohol and tobacco: 6.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Budget

revenues: $15.784 billion (2023 est.) expenditures: $16.721 billion (2023 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Current account balance

-$489.659 million (2024 est.) -$722.668 million (2023 est.) -$1.496 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Economic overview

high-income, service-based EU and eurozone economy; rebound in exports playing a role in economic recovery; rising food prices contributing to inflation; decrease in labor force participation and rising unemployment rate; recovery depends on boosting private investment and productivity rates

Exchange rates

euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.924 (2024 est.) 0.925 (2023 est.) 0.95 (2022 est.) 0.845 (2021 est.) 0.876 (2020 est.)

Exports

$32.637 billion (2024 est.) $32.147 billion (2023 est.) $33.178 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities

cars, wood, broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum, prefabricated buildings (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

Finland 14%, Latvia 10%, Lithuania 9%, Sweden 7%, Russia 6% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

GDP (official exchange rate)

$42.765 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 52.3% (2023 est.) government consumption: 20.6% (2023 est.) investment in fixed capital: 27.9% (2023 est.) investment in inventories: -0.2% (2023 est.) exports of goods and services: 77.9% (2023 est.) imports of goods and services: -77% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 1.9% (2024 est.) industry: 20.5% (2024 est.) services: 65.1% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

32.3 (2022 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.8% (2022 est.) highest 10%: 24.4% (2022 est.) note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports

$32.375 billion (2024 est.) $31.796 billion (2023 est.) $33.655 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities

cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, natural gas, packaged medicine (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners

Finland 11%, Germany 11%, China 10%, Lithuania 6%, Poland 6% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industrial production growth rate

-7% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

food, engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3.5% (2024 est.) 9.2% (2023 est.) 19.4% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force

756,200 (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Population below poverty line

22.5% (2022 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt

28.3% of GDP (2023 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$57.001 billion (2024 est.) $57.15 billion (2023 est.) $58.931 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate

-0.3% (2024 est.) -3% (2023 est.) 0.1% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita

$41,500 (2024 est.) $41,700 (2023 est.) $43,700 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

Remittances

1.2% of GDP (2024 est.) 1.2% of GDP (2023 est.) 1.2% of GDP (2022 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$2.075 billion (2024 est.) $2.593 billion (2023 est.) $2.217 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Taxes and other revenues

21.4% (of GDP) (2023 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Unemployment rate

7.9% (2024 est.) 6.4% (2023 est.) 5.6% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 20.9% (2024 est.) male: 21.9% (2024 est.) female: 20% (2024 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Coal

consumption: 800 metric tons (2023 est.) exports: 7,000 metric tons (2023 est.) imports: 800 metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 3.225 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 8.636 billion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 4.355 billion kWh (2023 est.) imports: 7.66 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 1.164 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 52.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 9.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 10.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) biomass and waste: 27.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

73.679 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

consumption: 334.748 million cubic meters (2023 est.) exports: 675.708 million cubic meters (2023 est.) imports: 1.01 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 24,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 27,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

4.607 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: -19,814 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 3.977 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 649,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Climate

maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers

Environmental issues

air pollution from sulfur dioxide from oil-shale-burning power plants; coastal seawater pollution

International environmental agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Land use

agricultural land: 23.1% (2023 est.) arable land: 16.6% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 6.4% (2023 est.) forest: 57.2% (2023 est.) other: 19.6% (2023 est.)

Methane emissions

energy: 11.9 kt (2022-2024 est.) agriculture: 27.3 kt (2019-2021 est.) waste: 23.7 kt (2019-2021 est.) other: 2.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

6.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources

12.806 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 64.998 million cubic meters (2022) industrial: 1.135 billion cubic meters (2022) agricultural: 5 million cubic meters (2022)

Urbanization

urban population: 69.8% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: -0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 489,500 tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 39.1% (2022 est.)

Area

total : 45,228 sq km land: 42,388 sq km water: 2,840 sq km note: includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea

Area - comparative

about twice the size of New Jersey

Climate

maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers

Coastline

3,794 km

Elevation

highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m mean elevation: 61 m

Geographic coordinates

59 00 N, 26 00 E

Geography - note

the mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; over 1,500 islands lie offshore

Irrigated land

20 sq km (2016)

Land boundaries

total: 657 km border countries (2): Latvia 333 km; Russia 324 km

Land use

agricultural land: 23.1% (2023 est.) arable land: 16.6% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 6.4% (2023 est.) forest: 57.2% (2023 est.) other: 19.6% (2023 est.)

Location

Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s): Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km (shared with Russia); Lake V rtsj rv - 270 sq km

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: limits as agreed to by Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Sweden, and Russia

Natural hazards

sometimes flooding occurs in the spring

Natural resources

oil shale, peat, rare earth elements, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud

Population distribution

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Terrain

marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south

Administrative divisions

15 urban municipalities ( linnad , singular - linn ), 64 rural municipalities ( vallad , singular - vald ) urban municipalities: Haapsalu, Keila, Kohtla-Jarve, Loksa, Maardu, Narva, Narva-Joesuu, Paide, Parnu, Rakvere, Sillamae, Tallinn, Tartu, Viljandi, Voru rural municipalities: Alutaguse, Anija, Antsla, Elva, Haademeeste, Haljala, Harku, Hiiumaa, Jarva, Joelahtme, Jogeva, Johvi, Kadrina, Kambja, Kanepi, Kastre, Kehtna, Kihnu, Kiili, Kohila, Kose, Kuusalu, Laane-Harju, Laane-Nigula, Laaneranna, Luganuse, Luunja, Marjamaa, Muhu, Mulgi, Mustvee, Noo, Otepaa, Peipsiaare, Pohja-Parnumaa, Pohja-Sakala, Poltsamaa, Polva, Raasiku, Rae, Rakvere, R pina, Rapla, Rouge, Ruhnu, Saarde, Saaremaa, Saku, Saue, Setomaa, Tapa, Tartu, Toila, Tori, Torva, Turi, Vaike-Maarja, Valga, Viimsi, Viljandi, Vinni, Viru-Nigula, Vormsi, Voru

Capital

name: Tallinn geographic coordinates: 59 26 N, 24 43 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the name derives from the Old Estonian term tan-linn , meaning "Danish fort," a reference to Danish King VALDEMAR II founding the city in 1219

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Estonia dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Constitution

history: several previous; latest adopted 28 June 1992, entered into force 3 July 1992 amendment process: proposed by at least one-fifth of Parliament members or by the president of the republic; passage requires three readings of the proposed amendment and a simple majority vote in two successive memberships of Parliament; passage of amendments to the "General Provisions" and "Amendment of the Constitution" chapters requires at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament to conduct a referendum and majority vote in a referendum

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Estonia conventional short form: Estonia local long form: Eesti Vabariik local short form: Eesti former: Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (while occupied by the USSR) etymology: derives from the name of the people who lived along the eastern Baltic Sea in the first centuries A.D., which came from the Baltic word aueist , meaning "waterside dwellers"

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Roman PIPKO (since 26 November 2025) embassy: Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn mailing address: 4530 Tallinn Place, Washington DC 20521-4530 telephone: [372] 668-8100 FAX: [372] 668-8265 email address and website: acstallinn@state.gov https://ee.usembassy.gov/

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Kristjan PRIKK (since 7 July 2021) chancery: 2131 Massachusetts Ave, NW Washington, DC, 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 588-0101 FAX: [1] (202) 588-0108 email address and website: Embassy.Washington@mfa.ee https://washington.mfa.ee/ consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco

Executive branch

chief of state: President Alar KARIS (since 11 October 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Kristen MICHAL (since 23 July 2024) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament election/appointment process: president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); if a candidate does not secure two thirds of the votes after 3 rounds of balloting, then an electoral college consisting of Parliament members and local council members elects the president, choosing between the 2 candidates with the most votes; if a president is still not elected, the process begins again; prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament most recent election date: 30-31 August 2021 election results: 2021: Alar KARIS (independent) elected president; won second round of voting in parliament with 72 of 101 votes 2016: Kersti KALJULAID elected president; won sixth round of voting in parliament with 81 of 98 votes (17 ballots blank); KALJULAID sworn in on 10 October 2016 - first female head of state of Estonia expected date of next election: 2026

Flag

description: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white meaning: blue stands for faith, loyalty, and devotion, and also the sky, sea, and lakes; black for the country's soil and the Estonian people's past suffering; white for striving for enlightenment and virtue and also for birch bark, snow, and summer nights illuminated by the midnight sun

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

24 February 1918 (from Soviet Russia); 20 August 1991 (declared from the Soviet Union); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 19 justices, including the chief justice, and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and constitutional review chambers) judge selection and term of office: the chief justice is proposed by the president of the republic and appointed by the Riigikogu; other justices proposed by the chief justice and appointed by the Riigikogu; justices appointed for life subordinate courts: circuit (appellate) courts; administrative, county, city, and specialized courts

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

legislature name: The Estonian Parliament (Riigikogu) legislative structure: unicameral number of seats: 101 (all directly elected) electoral system: proportional representation scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 4 years most recent election date: 3/5/2023 parties elected and seats per party: Reform Party (37); Conservative People's Party (EKRE) (17); Centre Party (16); Estonia 200 (Eesti 200) (14); Social Democratic Party (9); Pro Patria (Isamaa) (8) percentage of women in chamber: 28.7% expected date of next election: March 2027

National anthem(s)

title: "Mu isamaa, mu onn ja room" (My Native Land, My Pride and Joy) lyrics/music: Johann Voldemar JANNSEN/Fredrik PACIUS history: adopted 1920, but banned between 1940 and 1990 under Soviet occupation; unofficially in use since 1869, it has the same melody as Finland's anthem, but with different lyrics

National color(s)

blue, black, white

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 2 (both cultural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Center (Old Town) of Tallinn ; Struve Geodetic Arc

National holiday

Independence Day, 24 February (1918) note: 24 February 1918 was the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 20 August 1991 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union and restored its statehood

National symbol(s)

barn swallow, cornflower

Political parties

Conservative People's Party of Estonia (Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond) or EKRE Estonia 200 or E200 Estonia Centre Party of (Keskerakond) or EK Estonian Free Party or VAP Estonian Freedom Party - Farmers' Assembly or V-PK Estonian Greens or EER Estonian Nationalists and Conservatives or ERK Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) or RE Fatherland or I Left Alliance or VL Social Democratic Party or SDE The Right or PP TOGETHER organization points to sovereignty or KOOS

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal; age 16 for local elections

Background

After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940 -- an action never recognized by the US and many other countries -- it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with the West. It joined both NATO and the EU in 2004, formally joined the OECD in 2010, and adopted the euro as its official currency in 2011.

Military - note

Estonia s defense policy aims to guarantee the country s independence and sovereignty, protect its territorial integrity, including waters and airspace, and preserve constitutional order; Estonia s main defense goals are developing and maintaining a credible deterrent to outside aggression and ensuring the Estonian Defense Forces (EDF) can fulfill their commitments to NATO and interoperate with the armed forces of NATO and EU member states; the EDF s primary external focus is Russia; since Russia s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Estonia has boosted defense spending, sent arms to Ukraine, and sought to boost the EDF s capabilities in such areas as air defense, artillery, personnel readiness, and surveillance Estonia has been a member of NATO since 2004, is fully integrated within the NATO structure, and relies on its NATO partners for defense; since 2017, Estonia has hosted a UK-led multinational NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the Alliance s Enhanced Forward Presence initiative; as the EDF Air Force does not have any combat aircraft, NATO has provided airspace protection for Estonia since 2004 through its Baltic Air Policing mission; NATO member countries that possess air combat capabilities voluntarily contribute to the mission on four-month rotations; NATO fighter aircraft have been hosted at Estonia s mari Air Base since 2014; Estonia also hosts a NATO cyber security center; it cooperates closely with the EU on defense issues through the EU Common Security and Defense Policy and is a member of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions; Estonia also has close defense ties with its Baltic neighbors and has bilateral military agreements with a number of European countries, as well as Canada and the US (2025)

Military and security forces

Estonian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force; Estonian Defense League Ministry of Interior: Police and Border Guard Board, Internal Security Service (2025) note: the Estonian Defense League is a voluntary national defense organization that operates under the Estonian Ministry of Defense

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 7,500 active-duty military personnel (2025) note: the Estonian Defense Forces rely largely on reservists who have completed compulsory conscription in the previous 10 years to fill out its active duty and Territorial Defense units during a crisis; there are more than 40,000 trained reservists, and approximately 230,000 Estonians are enrolled in the mobilization registry

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the Estonian military has a mix of Soviet-era and more modern, Western-origin weapons and equipment; suppliers in recent years include France, Israel, South Korea, Sweden, T rkiye, and the US (2025)

Military expenditures

3.4% of GDP (2025 est.) 3.4% of GDP (2024 est.) 3% of GDP (2023 est.) 2.2% of GDP (2022 est.) 2% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service for men; conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; non-commissioned officers, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months; women can volunteer, and as of 2018 could serve in any military branch (2025) note 1: conscripts comprise approximately 3,000-3,300 of the Estonian military's active-duty personnel and serve in all branches, except for the Air Force; after conscript service, reservists are called up for training every 5 years; Estonia has had conscription since 1991 note 2: in 2024, women comprised about 8% of the full-time professional military force; the Defense League includes a Women's Voluntary Defense Organization

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.2% (male 92,980/female 88,753) 15-64 years: 62.2% (male 373,989/female 368,113) 65 years and over: 22.6% (2024 est.) (male 96,110/female 173,846)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 11.65 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 1.92 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 4.6 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 1.13 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

7.86 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

54.1% (2021 est.)

Death rate

12.57 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 57.5 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 24.8 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 32.7 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 3.1 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.) rural: 100% of population (2022 est.) NA total: 100% of population (2022 est.) urban: 0% of population (2022 est.) rural: 0% of population (2022 est.) NA total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

5.2% of GDP (2022 est.) 13% national budget (2022 est.)

Ethnic groups

Estonian 69.1%, Russian 23.7%, Ukrainian 2.1%, other 4.6%, unspecified 0.5% (2021 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.66 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

6.9% of GDP (2022) 13.2% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

4.5 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 2 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 3.2 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Estonian (official) 67.2%, Russian 28.5%, other 3.7%, unspecified 0.6% (2021est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 78.4 years (2024 est.) male: 73.8 years female: 83.2 years

Major urban areas - population

454,000 TALLINN (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

5 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

total: 42.9 years (2025 est.) male: 41.9 years female: 48.2 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

28.2 years (2020 est.)

Nationality

noun: Estonian(s) adjective: Estonian

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

21.2% (2016)

Physician density

3.47 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Population

total: 1,340,478 (2025 est.) male: 634,988 female: 705,490

Population distribution

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Population growth rate

-0.47% (2025 est.)

Religions

Orthodox 16.5%, Protestant 9.2% (Lutheran 7.7%, other Protestant 1.5%), other 3% (includes Roman Catholic, Muslim, Jehovah's Witness, Pentecostal, Buddhist, and Taara Believer), none 58.4%, unspecified 12.9% (2021 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 99.7% of population (2022 est.) rural: 100% of population (2022 est.) total: 99.8% of population (2022 est.) urban: 0.3% of population (2022 est.) rural: 0% of population (2022 est.) total: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 16 years (2023 est.) male: 15 years (2023 est.) female: 16 years (2023 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.55 male(s)/female total population: 0.89 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 23.7% (2025 est.) male: 29.9% (2025 est.) female: 18.3% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.36 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 69.8% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: -0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees: 42,439 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 63,944 (2024 est.)

Airports

34 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

ES

Heliports

10 (2025)

Merchant marine

total: 72 (2023) by type: general cargo 3, oil tanker 3, other 66

Ports

total ports: 20 (2024) large: 4 medium: 1 small: 4 very small: 11 ports with oil terminals: 5 key ports: Muuga - Port of Tallin, Paldiski Lounasadam, Paljassaare, Sillamae, Vanasadam - Port of Tallinn

Railways

total: 1,441 km (2020) 225 km electrified