Kosovo

Internet country code

.xk note: assigned as a temporary code under UN Security Council resolution 1244/99

Internet users

percent of population: 89% (2018 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 383,763 (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2022 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 593,000 (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 35 (2022 est.)

Agricultural products

wheat, corn, berries, potatoes, peppers, fruit; dairy, livestock; fish

Budget

revenues: $1.951 billion (2020 est.) expenditures: $2.547 billion (2020 est.)

Current account balance

-$785.09 million (2023 est.) -$983.283 million (2022 est.) -$818.351 million (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external

$785.739 million (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Economic overview

small-but-growing European economy; non-EU member but unilateral euro user; very high unemployment, especially youth; vulnerable reliance on diaspora tourism services, curtailed by COVID-19 disruptions; unclear public loan portfolio health

Exchange rates

euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.924 (2024 est.) 0.925 (2023 est.) 0.951 (2022 est.) 0.845 (2021 est.) 0.877 (2020 est.) note: Kosovo, which is neither an EU member state nor a party to a formal EU monetary agreement, uses the euro as its de facto currency

Exports

$4.156 billion (2023 est.) $3.579 billion (2022 est.) $3.138 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities

mattress materials, iron alloys, metal piping, scrap iron, building plastics (2021) top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

United States 16%, Albania 15%, North Macedonia 12%, Germany 8%, Italy 8% (2021)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$11.149 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 84.3% (2024 est.) government consumption: 12.3% (2024 est.) investment in fixed capital: 33.8% (2024 est.) investment in inventories: 0% (2024 est.) exports of goods and services: 41.9% (2024 est.) imports of goods and services: -72.3% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 6.9% (2024 est.) industry: 26.2% (2024 est.) services: 45.7% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

49.4 (2021 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 0.4% (2021 est.) highest 10%: 32.9% (2021 est.) note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports

$7.362 billion (2023 est.) $6.661 billion (2022 est.) $6.128 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, cars, iron rods, electricity, cigars, packaged medicines (2021)

Imports - partners

Germany 13%, Turkey 13%, China 10%, Serbia 7%, Italy 6% (2021)

Industrial production growth rate

4% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

mineral mining, construction materials, base metals, leather, machinery, appliances, foodstuffs and beverages, textiles

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.6% (2024 est.) 4.9% (2023 est.) 11.6% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force

500,300 (2017 est.) note: includes those estimated to be employed in the gray economy

Population below poverty line

17.6% (2015 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt

19.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$25.019 billion (2024 est.) $23.962 billion (2023 est.) $23.025 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate

4.4% (2024 est.) 4.1% (2023 est.) 4.3% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita

$16,400 (2024 est.) $14,200 (2023 est.) $13,000 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

Remittances

17.5% of GDP (2023 est.) 17.2% of GDP (2022 est.) 18% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$1.31 billion (2024 est.) $1.245 billion (2023 est.) $1.248 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Coal

production: 6.924 million metric tons (2023 est.) consumption: 6.931 million metric tons (2023 est.) exports: 13,000 metric tons (2023 est.) imports: 20,000 metric tons (2023 est.) proven reserves: 1.564 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 1.555 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 6.571 billion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 2.442 billion kWh (2023 est.) imports: 3.449 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 789.167 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 87.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 6.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 6.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

52.085 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption: 16,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

7.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 5.005 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 2.439 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Climate

influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns; Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation; maximum rainfall between October and December

Environmental issues

air pollution from power plants and lignite mines; water scarcity and pollution; land degradation

Land use

agricultural land: 52.8% (2018 est.) arable land: 27.4% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 23.5% (2018 est.) forest: 41.7% (2018 est.) other: 5.5% (2018 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 319,000 tons (2024 est.)

Area

total : 10,887 sq km land: 10,887 sq km water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly larger than Delaware

Climate

influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns; Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation; maximum rainfall between October and December

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

highest point: Gjeravica/Deravica 2,656 m lowest point: Drini i Bardhe/Beli Drim (located on the border with Albania) 297 m mean elevation: 450 m

Geographic coordinates

42 35 N, 21 00 E

Geography - note

the 41-km (25-mi) Nerodimka River divides into two branches, each of which flows into a different sea: the northern branch flows into the Sitnica River, which via the Ibar, Morava, and Danube Rivers ultimately flows into the Black Sea; the southern branch flows via the Lepenac and Vardar Rivers into the Aegean Sea

Irrigated land

NA

Land boundaries

total: 714 km border countries (4): Albania 112 km; North Macedonia 160 km; Montenegro 76 km; Serbia 366 km

Land use

agricultural land: 52.8% (2018 est.) arable land: 27.4% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 23.5% (2018 est.) forest: 41.7% (2018 est.) other: 5.5% (2018 est.)

Location

Southeastern Europe, between Serbia and Macedonia

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural resources

nickel, lead, zinc, magnesium, lignite, kaolin, chrome, bauxite

Population distribution

population clusters exist throughout the country, with the largest in the east in and around the capital of Pristina

Terrain

flat fluvial basin at an elevation of 400-700 m above sea level surrounded by several high mountain ranges with elevations of 2,000 to 2,500 m

Administrative divisions

38 municipalities ( komunat , singular - komuna (Albanian); opstine , singular - opstina (Serbian)); Decan (Decani), Dragash (Dragas), Ferizaj (Urosevac), Fushe Kosove (Kosovo Polje), Gjakove (Dakovica), Gjilan (Gnjilane), Gllogovc (Glogovac), Gracanice (Gracanica), Hani i Elezit (Deneral Jankovic), Istog (Istok), Junik, Kacanik, Kamenice (Kamenica), Kline (Klina), Kllokot (Klokot), Leposaviq (Leposavic), Lipjan (Lipljan), Malisheve (Malisevo), Mamushe (Mamusa), Mitrovice e Jugut (Juzna Mitrovica) [South Mitrovica], Mitrovice e Veriut (Severna Mitrovica) [North Mitrovica], Novoberde (Novo Brdo), Obiliq (Obilic), Partesh (Partes), Peje (Pec), Podujeve (Podujevo), Prishtine (Pristina), Prizren, Rahovec (Orahovac), Ranillug (Ranilug), Shterpce (Strpce), Shtime (Stimlje), Skenderaj (Srbica), Suhareke (Suva Reka), Viti (Vitina), Vushtrri (Vucitrn), Zubin Potok, Zvecan

Capital

name: Pristina (Prishtine, Prishtina) geographic coordinates: 42 40 N, 21 10 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the town takes its name from the river; the origin of the river's name is unclear but could come from a pre-Slavic language

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Kosovo dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Constitution

history: previous 1974, 1990; latest (post-independence) draft finalized 2 April 2008, signed 7 April 2008, ratified 9 April 2008, entered into force 15 June 2008 amendment process: proposed by the government, by the president of the republic, or by one fourth of Assembly deputies; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, including two-thirds majority vote of deputies representing non-majority communities, followed by a favorable Constitutional Court assessment

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Kosovo conventional short form: Kosovo local long form: Republika e Kosoves (Albanian)/ Republika Kosovo (Serbian) local short form: Kosove (Albanian)/ Kosovo (Serbian) etymology: name may derive from the Serbian word kos , meaning "blackbird," or from a personal name

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charg d'Affaires Anu PRATTIPATI (since January 2025) embassy: Arberia/Dragodan, Rr. 4 KORRIKU Nr. 25, Pristina mailing address: 9520 Pristina Place, Washington DC 20521-9520 telephone: [383] 38-59-59-3000 FAX: [383] 38-604-890 email address and website: PristinaACS@state.gov https://xk.usembassy.gov/

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Ilir DUGOLLI (since 13 January 2022) chancery: 3612 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, D.C. 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 450-2130 FAX: [1] (202) 735-0609 email address and website: embassy.usa@rks-gov.net U.S. Embassies of the Republic of Kosovo (ambasadat.net) consulate(s) general: New York consulate(s): Des Moines (IA)

Executive branch

chief of state: President Vjosa OSMANI-Sadriu (since 4 April 2021) head of government: Acting Prime Minister Albin KURTI (since 15 April 2025) cabinet: Cabinet elected by the Assembly election/appointment process: president indirectly elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term) by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; if a candidate does not reach this threshold in the first two ballots, the candidate winning a simple majority vote in the third ballot is elected; prime minister indirectly elected by the Assembly most recent election date: 3-4 April 2021 election results: 2021: Vjosa OSMANI-Sadriu elected president in third ballot; Assembly vote - Vjosa OSMANI-Sadriu (Guxo!) 71 votes; Albin KURTI (LVV) elected prime minister; Assembly vote - 67 for, 30 against 2017: Ramush HARADINAJ (AAK) elected prime minister; Assembly vote - 61 for, 1 abstention, 0 against (opposition boycott) 2016: Hashim THACI elected president in third ballot; Assembly vote - Hashim THACI (PDK) 71 votes expected date of next election: 2026 note: Prime Minister Albin KURTI resigned on 15 April 2025; a replacement has not yet been selected

Flag

description: a dark blue field with a gold-colored silhouette of Kosovo in the center, with six five-pointed white stars in a slight arc over it meaning: each star represents one of the major ethnic groups of Kosovo: Albanians, Serbs, Turks, Gorani, Roma, and Bosniaks note: one of two national flags that uses a map as a design element; the flag of Cyprus is the other

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

17 February 2008 (from Serbia)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

FIFA, IBRD, IDA, IFC, IMF, IOC, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OIF (observer)

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 18 judges and organized into Appeals Panel of the Kosovo Property Agency and Special Chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the Kosovo Judicial Council, a 13-member independent body staffed by judges and lay members, and also responsible for overall administration of Kosovo's judicial system; judges appointed by the president of the Republic of Kosovo; judges appointed until mandatory retirement age; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the Kosovo Assembly and appointed by the president of the republic to serve single, 9-year terms subordinate courts: Court of Appeals (organized into 4 departments: General, Serious Crime, Commercial Matters, and Administrative Matters); Basic Court (located in 7 municipalities, each with several branches) note: in 2015, the Kosovo Assembly approved a constitutional amendment that established the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Judicial Institution, also referred to as the Kosovo Specialist Chambers or "Special Court"; the court, located at the Hague in the Netherlands, began operating in 2016 and has jurisdiction to try crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other crimes under Kosovo law that occurred in the 1998-2000 period

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

legislature name: Assembly (Kuvendi i Kosoves/Skupstina Kosova) legislative structure: unicameral number of seats: 120 (all directly elected) electoral system: proportional representation scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 4 years most recent election date: 2/14/2021 parties elected and seats per party: Self-Determination Movement (LVV) (58), Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK) (19), Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK) (15), Serb List (10), Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (AAK) (8), other (10) percentage of women in chamber: 34% expected date of next election: 2025 note: 20 seats reserved for ethnic minorities -- 10 for Serbs and 10 for other minorities

National anthem(s)

title: "Europe" lyrics/music: no lyrics/Mendi MENGJIQI history: adopted 2008; Kosovo chose not to include lyrics in its anthem to avoid offending the country's minority ethnic groups

National coat of arms

uses the national colors of blue, gold, and white, and is featured on the country s flag; the golden map symbolizes a rich and peaceful Kosovo, with a blue background that represents the country s aspirations for Euro-Atlantic integration; the six white stars stand for the major ethnic groups in Kosovo: Albanians, Serbs, Bosniaks, Turks, Roma (including Ashkali and Egyptians), and Gorani

National color(s)

blue, gold, white

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Medieval Monuments in Kosovo

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 February (2008)

National symbol(s)

six five-pointed white stars

Political parties

Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK Ashkali Party for Integration or PAI Civic Initiative for Freedom, Justice, and Survival Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo or IRDK New Democratic Party or NDS Progressive Movement of Kosovar Roma or LPRK Romani Initiative Self-Determination Movement (L vizja Vetevendosje or Vetevendosie) or LVV or VV Serb List or SL Social Democratic Union or SDU Turkish Democratic Party of Kosovo or KDTP Unique Gorani Party or JGP Vakat Coalition or VAKAT

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

The Ottoman Empire took control of Kosovo in 1389 after defeating Serbian forces. Large numbers of Turks and Albanians moved to the region, and by the end of the 19th century, Albanians had replaced Serbs as the majority ethnic group in Kosovo. Serbia reacquired control of Kosovo during the First Balkan War of 1912, and after World War II, Kosovo became an autonomous province of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Increasing Albanian nationalism in the 1980s led to riots and calls for Kosovo's independence, but in 1989, Belgrade -- which has in turn served as the capital of Serbia and Yugoslavia -- revoked Kosovo's autonomous status. When the SFRY broke up in 1991, Kosovo Albanian leaders organized an independence referendum, and Belgrade's repressive response led to an insurgency. Kosovo remained part of Serbia, which joined with Montenegro to declare a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in 1992. In 1998, Belgrade launched a brutal counterinsurgency campaign, with some 800,000 ethnic Albanians expelled from their homes in Kosovo. After international mediation failed, a NATO military operation began in March 1999 and forced Belgrade to withdraw its forces from Kosovo. UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999) placed Kosovo under the temporary control of the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). Negotiations in 2006-07 ended without agreement between Serbia and Kosovo, though the UN issued a comprehensive report that endorsed independence. On 17 February 2008, the Kosovo Assembly declared Kosovo independent. Serbia continues to reject Kosovo's independence, but the two countries began EU-facilitated discussions in 2013 to normalize relations, which resulted in several agreements. Additional agreements were reached in 2015 and 2023, but implementation remains incomplete. In 2022, Kosovo formally applied for membership in the EU, which is contingent on fulfillment of accession criteria, and the Council of Europe. Kosovo is also seeking UN and NATO memberships.

Military - note

the Kosovo Security Force (KSF) was established in 2009 as a small (1,500 personnel), lightly armed disaster response force; the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR) was charged with assisting in the development of the KSF and bringing it up to standards designated by NATO; the KSF was certified as fully operational by the North Atlantic Council in 2013, indicating the then 2,200-strong KSF was entirely capable of performing the tasks assigned under its mandate, which included non-military security functions that were not appropriate for the police, plus missions such as search and rescue, explosive ordnance disposal, control and clearance of hazardous materials, firefighting, and other humanitarian assistance tasks in 2019, Kosovo approved legislation that began a process to transition the KSF by 2028 into a professional military (the Kosovo Armed Forces) led by a General Staff and comprised of a Land Force, a National Guard, a Logistics Command, and a Doctrine and Training Command; it would have a strength of up to 5,000 with about 3,000 reserves; at the same time, the KSF s mission was expanded to include traditional military functions, such as territorial defense and international peacekeeping; the KSF s first international mission was the deployment of a small force to Kuwait in 2021 the NATO-led KFOR has operated in the country as a peace support force since 1999; in addition to assisting in the development of the KSF, KFOR is responsible for providing a safe and secure environment and ensuring freedom of movement for all citizens; as of 2025, it had approximately 4,700 troops from more than 30 countries (2025)

Military and security forces

Kosovo Security Force (KSF; Forca e Siguris s Kosov s or FSK): Land Force, National Guard (2025) note: the Kosovo Police are under the Ministry of Internal Affairs

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 3,300 Kosovo Security Forces, including about 800 reserves (2024)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the KSF is equipped with small arms and light vehicles and has relied on limited amounts of donated equipment from several countries, particularly T rkiye and the US (2025)

Military expenditures

1.5% of GDP (2024 est.) 1.3% of GDP (2023 est.) 1.1% of GDP (2022 est.) 1.1% of GDP (2021 est.) 1% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military service age and obligation

any citizen of Kosovo over the age of 18 is eligible to serve in the Kosovo Security Force; upper age for enlisting is 30 for officers, 25 for other ranks, although these may be waived for recruits with key skills considered essential for the KSF (2025)

Age structure

0-14 years: 22.7% (male 233,010/female 216,304) 15-64 years: 68.9% (male 712,403/female 649,932) 65 years and over: 8.4% (2024 est.) (male 72,579/female 92,865)

Birth rate

14.16 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

61.6% (2020 est.)

Death rate

6.88 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 45.1 (2024 est.) youth dependency ratio: 33 (2024 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 12.1 (2024 est.) potential support ratio: 8.2 (2024 est.)

Ethnic groups

Albanians 92.9%, Bosniaks 1.6%, Serbs 1.5%, Turk 1.1%, Ashkali 0.9%, Egyptian 0.7%, Gorani 0.6%, Romani 0.5%, other/unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.) note: these estimates may under-represent Serb, Romani, and some other ethnic minorities because they are based on the 2011 Kosovo national census, which excluded northern Kosovo (a largely Serb-inhabited region) and was partially boycotted by Serb and Romani communities in southern Kosovo

Gross reproduction rate

0.89 (2025 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 21 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 24.2 deaths/1,000 live births female: 21.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Albanian (official) 94.5%, Bosnian 1.7%, Serbian (official) 1.6%, Turkish 1.1%, other 0.9% (includes Romani), unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.) major-language sample(s): Libri i fakteve boterore, burimi i pazevendesueshem per informacione elementare (Albanian) Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. note: these estimates may under-represent Serb, Romani, and other ethnic minority languages because they are based on the 2011 Kosovo national census, which excluded northern Kosovo (a largely Serb-inhabited region) and was partially boycotted by Serb and Romani communities in southern Kosovo

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 73.1 years (2024 est.) male: 71 years female: 75.5 years

Major urban areas - population

218,782 PRISTINA (capital) (2020)

Median age

total: 32.3 years (2025 est.) male: 31.7 years female: 32.4 years

Nationality

noun: Kosovan adjective: Kosovan note: Kosovo, a neutral term, is sometimes also used as a noun or adjective as in Kosovo Albanian, Kosovo Serb, Kosovo minority, or Kosovo citizen

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Physician density

0.2 physicians/1,000 population (2015)

Population

total: 1,977,093 (2024 est.) male: 1,017,992 female: 959,101

Population distribution

population clusters exist throughout the country, with the largest in the east in and around the capital of Pristina

Population growth rate

0.73% (2025 est.)

Religions

Muslim 95.6%, Roman Catholic 2.2%, Orthodox 1.5%, other 0.1%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.6% (2011 est.) note: these estimates may under-represent Serb, Romani, and some other ethnic minorities because they are based on the 2011 Kosovo national census, which excluded northern Kosovo (a largely Serb-inhabited region) and was partially boycotted by Serb and Romani communities in southern Kosovo

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.08 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.85 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs: 15,582 (2024 est.)

Airports

2 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Z6

Heliports

11 (2025)

Railways

total: 437 km (2020)