Brunei

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 71,078 (2020 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media

state-controlled Radio Television Brunei (RTB) operates 5 channels; 3 Malaysian TV stations are available; foreign TV broadcasts are available via satellite systems; RTB operates 5 radio networks and broadcasts on multiple frequencies; British Forces Broadcast Service (BFBS) provides radio broadcasts on 2 FM stations; some radio broadcast stations from Malaysia are available via repeaters

Internet country code

.bn

Internet users

total: 441,000 (2021 est.) percent of population: 98% (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

general assessment: Brunei s mobile market experienced drop-off in subscriber numbers in 2020; in 2022 there was a concerted effort to build out the fixed-line infrastructure while progressing towards introducing 5G mobile services, which was activated in June 2023; Brunei s fixed-line market is one of the few countries in the world to have displayed significant growth rather than a decline in teledensity in the last few years; this upward trend is set to continue as the new Unified National Network (UNN) works diligently to expand and enhance the fixed-line infrastructure around the country; strong growth was also seen in the fixed broadband space, on the back of those same infrastructure developments that are part of the Brunei Vision 2035 initiative; fixed broadband is starting from a relatively low base by international standards and is still only at 18%, leaving lots of room for growth; mobile and mobile broadband, on the other hand, are still suffering from the market contractions first felt in 2020; Brunei s 2G GSM network is shut down, with the spectrum to be reallocated to 3G, 4G, and potentially 5G use (2023) domestic: 25 per 100 fixed-line, 136 per 100 mobile-cellular (2021) international: country code - 673; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3, SJC, AAG, Lubuan-Brunei Submarine Cable via optical telecommunications submarine cables that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Africa, Australia, and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2019)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 122,000 (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 27 (2022 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 529,000 (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2022 est.)

Agricultural products

chicken, eggs, fruits, rice, vegetables, beans, bananas, beef, pineapples, cucumbers/gherkins (2022) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Budget

revenues: $1.058 billion (2020 est.) expenditures: $3.189 billion (2020 est.)

Current account balance

$3.264 billion (2022 est.) $1.57 billion (2021 est.) $513.713 million (2020 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Economic overview

almost exclusively an oil and gas economy; high income country; expansive and robust welfare system; the majority of the population works for the government; promulgating a nationalized halal brand; considering establishment of a bond market and stock exchange

Exchange rates

Bruneian dollars (BND) per US dollar - 1.343 (2023 est.) 1.379 (2022 est.) 1.344 (2021 est.) 1.38 (2020 est.) 1.364 (2019 est.)

Exports

$14.411 billion (2022 est.) $11.202 billion (2021 est.) $6.886 billion (2020 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities

refined petroleum, natural gas, crude petroleum, hydrocarbons, fertilizers (2022) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

Australia 19%, Japan 17%, China 16%, Singapore 14%, Malaysia 10% (2022) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

GDP (official exchange rate)

$15.128 billion (2023 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 27.6% (2023 est.) government consumption: 22.8% (2023 est.) investment in fixed capital: 29.4% (2023 est.) investment in inventories: 0.2% (2023 est.) exports of goods and services: 76.5% (2023 est.) imports of goods and services: -60% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 1.2% (2023 est.) industry: 61.8% (2023 est.) services: 38.8% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Imports

$10.106 billion (2022 est.) $9.219 billion (2021 est.) $6.382 billion (2020 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities

crude petroleum, refined petroleum, cars, coal, gas turbines (2022) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners

Malaysia 22%, UAE 11%, China 10%, Singapore 7%, Qatar 6% (2022) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industrial production growth rate

-1.43% (2023 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction, agriculture, aquaculture, transportation

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

0.36% (2023 est.) 3.68% (2022 est.) 1.73% (2021 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force

228,000 (2023 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Public debt

2.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$35.26 billion (2023 est.) $34.771 billion (2022 est.) $35.347 billion (2021 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate

1.41% (2023 est.) -1.63% (2022 est.) -1.59% (2021 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita

$77,900 (2023 est.) $77,400 (2022 est.) $79,400 (2021 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

Remittances

0.01% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.01% of GDP (2022 est.) 0.01% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$4.483 billion (2023 est.) $5.035 billion (2022 est.) $4.982 billion (2021 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Taxes and other revenues

18.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate

5.27% (2023 est.) 5.19% (2022 est.) 4.91% (2021 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 18.6% (2023 est.) male: 16.2% (2023 est.) female: 22.3% (2023 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Carbon dioxide emissions

12.172 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 1.419 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 2.197 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from consumed natural gas: 8.557 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Coal

consumption: 1.203 million metric tons (2022 est.) imports: 1.203 million metric tons (2022 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 1.265 million kW (2022 est.) consumption: 5.24 billion kWh (2022 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 513 million kWh (2022 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 100% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

466.111 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

Natural gas

production: 10.598 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) consumption: 4.374 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) exports: 6.12 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) proven reserves: 260.515 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 95,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 17,000 bbl/day (2022 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 1.1 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 6.86 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 7.66 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 8.4 megatons (2020 est.)

Climate

tropical; hot, humid, rainy

Environment - current issues

no major environmental problems, but air pollution control is becoming a concern; seasonal trans-boundary haze from forest fires in Indonesia

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Land use

agricultural land: 2.5% (2018 est.) arable land: 0.8% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 0.6% (2018 est.) forest: 71.8% (2018 est.) other: 25.7% (2018 est.)

Revenue from coal

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

0.05% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

8.5 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 150 million cubic meters (2020 est.) agricultural: 10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 79.1% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 216,253 tons (2016 est.)

Area

total : 5,765 sq km land: 5,265 sq km water: 500 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Delaware

Climate

tropical; hot, humid, rainy

Coastline

161 km

Elevation

highest point: Bukit Pagon 1,850 m lowest point: South China Sea 0 m mean elevation: 478 m

Geographic coordinates

4 30 N, 114 40 E

Geography - note

close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; the eastern part, the Temburong district, is an exclave and is almost an enclave within Malaysia

Irrigated land

10 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

total: 266 km border countries (1): Malaysia 266 km

Land use

agricultural land: 2.5% (2018 est.) arable land: 0.8% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 0.6% (2018 est.) forest: 71.8% (2018 est.) other: 25.7% (2018 est.)

Location

Southeastern Asia, along the northern coast of the island of Borneo, bordering the South China Sea and Malaysia

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or to median line

Natural hazards

typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare

Natural resources

petroleum, natural gas, timber

Population distribution

the vast majority of the population is found along the coast in the western part of Brunei, which is separated from the eastern portion by Malaysia; the largest population concentration is in the far north on the western side of the Brunei Bay, in and around the capital of Bandar Seri Begawan

Terrain

flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west

Administrative divisions

4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei dan Muara, Temburong, Tutong

Capital

name: Bandar Seri Begawan geographic coordinates: 4 53 N, 114 56 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: named in 1970 after Sultan Omar Ali SAIFUDDIEN III (1914-1986; "The Father of Independence") who adopted the title of "Seri Begawan" (approximate meaning "honored lord") upon his abdication in 1967; "bandar" in Malay means "town" or "city"; the capital had previously been called Bandar Brunei (Brunei Town)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Brunei dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 12 years

Constitution

history: drafted 1954 to 1959, signed 29 September 1959; note - some constitutional provisions suspended since 1962 under a State of Emergency, others suspended since independence in 1984 amendments: proposed by the monarch; passage requires submission to the Privy Council for Legislative Council review and finalization takes place by proclamation; the monarch can accept or reject changes to the original proposal provided by the Legislative Council; amended several times, last in 2010

Country name

conventional long form: Brunei Darussalam conventional short form: Brunei local long form: Negara Brunei Darussalam local short form: Brunei etymology: derivation of the name is unclear; according to legend, MUHAMMAD SHAH, who would become the first sultan of Brunei, upon discovering what would become Brunei exclaimed "Baru nah," which roughly translates as "there" or "that's it"

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Caryn R. McCLELLAND (since December 2021) embassy: Simpang 336-52-16-9, Jalan Duta, Bandar Seri Begawan, BC4115 mailing address: 4020 Bandar Seri Begawan Place, Washington DC 20521-4020 telephone: (673) 238-7400 FAX: (673) 238-7533 email address and website: ConsularBrunei@state.gov https://bn.usembassy.gov/

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Dato Paduka Haji SERBINI bin Haji Ali (since 28 January 2016) chancery: 3520 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 237-1838 FAX: [1] (202) 885-0560 email address and website: info@bruneiembassy.org http://www.bruneiembassy.org/index.html consulate(s): New York

Executive branch

chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967) head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed and presided over by the monarch; note - 4 additional advisory councils appointed by the monarch are the Religious Council, Privy Council for constitutional issues, Council of Succession, and Legislative Council; Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah is also Minister of Finance, Defense, and Foreign Affairs and Trade elections/appointments: none; the monarchy is hereditary note - the monarch is both chief of state and head of government

Flag description

yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; yellow is the color of royalty and symbolizes the sultanate; the white and black bands denote Brunei's chief ministers; the emblem includes five main components: a swallow-tailed flag, the royal umbrella representing the monarchy, the wings of four feathers symbolizing justice, tranquility, prosperity, and peace, the two upraised hands signifying the government's pledge to preserve and promote the welfare of the people, and the crescent moon denoting Islam, the state religion; the state motto "Always render service with God's guidance" appears in yellow Arabic script on the crescent; a ribbon below the crescent reads "Brunei, the Abode of Peace"

Government type

absolute monarchy or sultanate

Independence

1 January 1984 (from the UK)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICC

International organization participation

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, C, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the Court of Appeal and the High Court, each with a chief justice and 2 judges); Sharia Court (consists the Court of Appeals and the High Court); note - Brunei has a dual judicial system of secular and sharia (religious) courts; the Judicial Committee of Privy Council (in London) serves as the final appellate court for civil cases only judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch to serve until age 65, and older if approved by the monarch; Sharia Court judges appointed by the monarch for life subordinate courts: Intermediate Court; Magistrates' Courts; Juvenile Court; small claims courts; lower sharia courts

Legal system

mixed legal system based on English common law and Islamic law; note - in April 2019, the full sharia penal codes came into force and apply to Muslims and partly to non-Muslims in parallel with present common law codes

Legislative branch

description: unicameral Legislative Council or Majlis Mesyuarat Negara Brunei (up to 45 seats; up to 30 appointed; up to 15 representatives from the country's four districts: Brunei and Muara (up to seven members), Belait (up to three), Tutong (up to three), and Temburong (up to two)); members serve 5-year terms elections: January 2023 - appointed by the sultan election results: Legislative Council last appointed January 2023; composition - men 30, women 4, percentage women 11.8%

National anthem

name: "Allah Peliharakan Sultan" (God Bless His Majesty) lyrics/music: Pengiran Haji Mohamed YUSUF bin Pengiran Abdul Rahim/Awang Haji BESAR bin Sagap note: adopted 1951

National holiday

National Day, 23 February (1984); note - 1 January 1984 was the date of independence from the UK, 23 February 1984 was the date of independence from British protection; the Sultan's birthday, 15 June

National symbol(s)

royal parasol; national colors: yellow, white, black

Political parties

National Development Party or NDP note: the NDP is Brunei s only registered party, but does not have representation in the Legislative Council, which is appointed

Suffrage

18 years of age for village elections; universal

Background

The Sultanate of Brunei's influence peaked between the 15th and 17th centuries, when its control extended over coastal areas of northwest Borneo and the southern Philippines. Internal strife over royal succession, colonial expansion of European powers, and piracy subsequently brought on a period of decline. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate; independence was achieved in 1984. The same family has ruled Brunei for over six centuries, and in 2017, the country celebrated the 50th anniversary of Sultan Hassanal BOLKIAH s accession to the throne. Brunei has one of the highest per-capita GDPs in the world, thanks to extensive petroleum and natural gas fields.

Military - note

the Royal Brunei Armed Forces were formed in 1961 with British support as the Brunei Malay Regiment; "Royal" was added as an honorary title in 1965 and its current name was given in 1984; the military is responsible for ensuring the country s sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as countering outside aggression, terrorism, and insurgency Brunei has a long-standing defense relationship with the UK and hosts a British Army garrison, which includes a Gurkha battalion and a jungle warfare school; Brunei also hosts a Singaporean military training detachment (2024)

Military and security forces

Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF) or Angkatan Bersenjata Diraja Brunei (ABDB): Royal Brunei Land Force (RBLF) or Tentera Darat Diraja Brunei (TDDB), Royal Brunei Navy (RBN) or Tentera Laut Diraja Brunei (TLDB), Royal Brunei Air Force (RBAirF) or Tentera Udara Diraja Brunei (TUDB) Ministry of Home Affairs: Royal Brunei Police Force (RBPF) or Polis Diraja Brunei (PDB) (2024) note: the Gurkha Reserve Unit (GRU) under the Ministry of Defense is a special guard force for the Sultan, the royal family, and the country s oil installations; the RBAF has a Joint Force Headquarters (JFHQ) to oversee joint/combined operations of the service branches

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 8,000 total active-duty troops (2024)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's s inventory includes equipment and weapons systems from a wide variety of suppliers from Asia, Europe, and the US (2024)

Military expenditures

3% of GDP (2023 est.) 2.6% of GDP (2022 est.) 3.1% of GDP (2021 est.) 3.7% of GDP (2020 est.) 3.1% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military service age and obligation

17 years of age for voluntary military service; non-Malays are ineligible to serve (2024) note: the Gurkha Reserve Unit (GRU) employs hundreds of Gurkhas from Nepal, the majority of whom are veterans of the British Army and the Singapore Police Force who have joined the GRU as a second career

Age structure

0-14 years: 21.7% (male 54,924/female 51,710) 15-64 years: 70.8% (male 166,289/female 182,011) 65 years and over: 7.5% (2024 est.) (male 17,927/female 19,039)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 0.69 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 0.66 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

15.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

NA

Contraceptive prevalence rate

NA

Current health expenditure

2.4% of GDP (2020)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

54.3% (2023 est.)

Death rate

3.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Demographic profile

Brunei is a small, oil-rich sultanate of less than half a million people, making it the smallest country in Southeast Asia by population. Its total fertility rate the average number of births per woman has been steadily declining over the last few decades, from over 3.5 in the 1980s to below replacement level today at nearly 1.8. The trend is due to women s increased years of education and participation in the workforce, which have resulted in later marriages and fewer children. Yet, the population continues to grow because of the large number of women of reproductive age and a reliance on foreign labor mainly from Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and South Asian countries to fill low-skilled jobs. Brunei is officially Muslim, and Malay is the official language. The country follows an official Malay national ideology, Malay Islamic Monarchy, which promotes Malay language and culture, Islamic values, and the monarchy. Only seven of Brunei s native groups are recognized in the constitution and are defined as Malay Brunei Malays, Belait, Kedayan, Dusun, Bisayak, Lun Bawang, and Sama-Baiau. Together they make up about 66% percent of the population and are referred to as the Bumiputera. The Bumiputera are entitled to official privileges, including land ownership, access to certain types of employment (Royal Brunei Armed Forces and Brunei Shell Petroleum), easier access to higher education, and better job opportunities in the civil service. Brunei s Chinese population descends from migrants who arrived when Brunei was a British protectorate (1888 and 1984). They are prominent in the non-state commercial sector and account for approximately 10% of the population. Most Bruneian Chinese are permanent residents rather than citizens despite roots going back several generations. Many are stateless and are denied rights granted to citizens, such as land ownership, subsidized health care, and free secondary and university education. Because of the discriminatory policies, the number of Chinese in Brunei has shrunk considerably in the last 50 years. Native ethnic groups that are not included in the Bumiputera are not recognized in the constitution and are not officially identified as Malay or automatically granted citizenship. Foreign workers constitute some quarter of the labor force.

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 39.2 youth dependency ratio: 31.1 elderly dependency ratio: 8.1 potential support ratio: 12.4 (2021 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 99.7% of population rural: NA total: 99.9% of population unimproved: urban: 0.4% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0.1% of population (2020)

Education expenditures

4.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Ethnic groups

Malay 67.4%, Chinese 9.6%, other 23% (2021 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.85 (2024 est.)

Hospital bed density

2.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Infant mortality rate

total: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.) male: 12.2 deaths/1,000 live births female: 7.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Malay (Bahasa Melayu) (official), English, Chinese dialects major-language sample(s): Buku Fakta Dunia, sumber yang diperlukan untuk maklumat asas. (Malay) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 78.9 years (2024 est.) male: 76.5 years female: 81.3 years

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.6% male: 98.3% female: 96.9% (2021)

Major urban areas - population

266,682 BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN (capital) (2021) note: the boundaries of the capital city were expanded in 2007, greatly increasing the city area; the population of the capital increased tenfold

Maternal mortality ratio

44 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Median age

total: 32.3 years (2024 est.) male: 31.4 years female: 33.1 years

Nationality

noun: Bruneian(s) adjective: Bruneian

Net migration rate

2.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

14.1% (2016)

Physician density

1.61 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

Population

total: 491,900 male: 239,140 female: 252,760 (2024 est.)

Population distribution

the vast majority of the population is found along the coast in the western part of Brunei, which is separated from the eastern portion by Malaysia; the largest population concentration is in the far north on the western side of the Brunei Bay, in and around the capital of Bandar Seri Begawan

Population growth rate

1.4% (2024 est.)

Religions

Muslim (official) 82.1%, Christian 6.7%, Buddhist 6.3%, other 4.9% (2021 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: NA rural: NA total: NA unimproved: urban: NA rural: NA total: NA

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 14 years male: 14 years female: 14 years (2020)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.94 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 16.2% (2020 est.) male: 30% (2020 est.) female: 2.3% (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.73 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 79.1% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Illicit drugs

drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled substances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory death penalty

Refugees and internally displaced persons

stateless persons: 20,863 (2022); note - thousands of stateless persons, often ethnic Chinese, are permanent residents and their families have lived in Brunei for generations; obtaining citizenship is difficult and requires individuals to pass rigorous tests on Malay culture, customs, and language; stateless residents receive an International Certificate of Identity, which enables them to travel overseas; the government is considering changing the law prohibiting non-Bruneians, including stateless permanent residents, from owning land

Trafficking in persons

tier rating: Tier 3 Brunei does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Brunei was downgraded to Tier 3; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/

Airports

2 (2024)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

V8

Heliports

14 (2024)

Merchant marine

total: 97 (2023) by type: general cargo 18, oil tanker 2, other 77

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 10 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,234,455 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 129.35 million (2018) mt-km

Pipelines

33 km condensate, 86 km condensate/gas, 628 km gas, 492 km oil (2013)

Ports

total ports: 5 (2024) large: 0 medium: 0 small: 2 very small: 3 ports with oil terminals: 5 key ports: Bandar Seri Begawan, Kuala Belait, Lumut, Muara Harbor, Seria Oil Loading Terminal

Roadways

total: 2,976 km paved: 2,559 km unpaved: 417 km (2014)

Waterways

209 km (2012) (navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 m; the Belait, Brunei, and Tutong Rivers are major transport links)