Canada

Broadcast media

2 public TV broadcasting networks each with a large number of network affiliates; several private-commercial networks also with multiple network affiliates; overall, about 150 TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable systems provide access to a wide range of stations including US stations; mix of public and commercial radio broadcasters with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the public radio broadcaster, operating 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to indigenous populations in the north; roughly 2,000 licensed radio stations (2008)

Internet country code

.ca

Internet users

total: 31.053 million | percent of population: 88.5% (July 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 21

Telephone system

general assessment: excellent service provided by modern technology | domestic: domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations | international: country code - 1; submarine cables provide links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean, and 2 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2011)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 15.902 million | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 45 (July 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 17

Telephones - mobile cellular

total: 29.39 million | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 84 (July 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 44

Agriculture - products

wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits, vegetables; dairy products; fish; forest products

Budget

revenues: $599.5 billion | expenditures: $625.7 billion (2015 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.7% of GDP (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 78

Central bank discount rate

1% (31 December 2010) | 0.25% (31 December 2009) | country comparison to the world: 124

Commercial bank prime lending rate

2.78% (31 December 2015 est.) | 3% (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 170

Current account balance

-$51.38 billion (2015 est.) | -$40.59 billion (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 192

Debt - external

$1.491 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) | $1.395 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 14

Distribution of family income - Gini index

32.1 (2005) | 31.5 (1994) | country comparison to the world: 109

Economy - overview

As a high-tech industrial society in the trillion-dollar class, Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. In addition, the country's petroleum sector is rapidly expanding, because Alberta's oil sands significantly boosted Canada's proven oil reserves. Canada now ranks third in the world in proved oil reserves behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia and is the world’s fifth-largest oil producer. | The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US, its principal trading partner. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with the US, which absorbs about three-fourths of Canadian merchandise exports each year. Canada is the US's largest foreign supplier of energy, including oil, gas, and electric power, and a top source of US uranium imports. | Given its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital plant, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. Buffeted by the global economic crisis, the economy dropped into a sharp recession in the final months of 2008, and Ottawa posted its first fiscal deficit in 2009 after 12 years of surplus. Canada's major banks, however, emerged from the financial crisis of 2008-09 among the strongest in the world, owing to the early intervention by the Bank of Canada and the financial sector's tradition of conservative lending practices and strong capitalization. Canada achieved marginal growth in 2010-15, despite the recent drop in oil prices.

Exchange rates

Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar - | 1.2788 (2015 est.) | 1.1047 (2014 est.) | 1.0298 (2013 est.) | 0.9992 (2012 est.) | 0.9895 (2011 est.)

Exports

$411 billion (2015 est.) | $478.3 billion (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 12

Exports - commodities

motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum

Exports - partners

US 76.7% (2015)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1.552 trillion (2015 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$1.632 trillion (2015 est.) | $1.613 trillion (2014 est.) | $1.574 trillion (2013 est.) | note: data are in 2015 US dollars | country comparison to the world: 16

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 57.5% | government consumption: 21.2% | investment in fixed capital: 23.3% | investment in inventories: 0.3% | exports of goods and services: 31.5% | imports of goods and services: -33.8% (2015 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 1.6% | industry: 28.2% | services: 70.3% (2015 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$45,600 (2015 est.) | $45,400 (2014 est.) | $44,800 (2013 est.) | note: data are in 2015 US dollars | country comparison to the world: 31

GDP - real growth rate

1.2% (2015 est.) | 2.5% (2014 est.) | 2.2% (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 162

Gross national saving

20.5% of GDP (2015 est.) | 22% of GDP (2014 est.) | 21.5% of GDP (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 84

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.6% | highest 10%: 24.8% (2000)

Imports

$428.7 billion (2015 est.) | $473.9 billion (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 9

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods

Imports - partners

US 53.1%, China 12.2%, Mexico 5.8% (2015)

Industrial production growth rate

-2% (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 177

Industries

transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.1% (2015 est.) | 1.9% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 90

Labor force

19.28 million (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 31

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 2% | manufacturing: 13% | construction: 6% | services: 76% | other: 3% (2006 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$2.016 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) | $1.907 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) | $2.16 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 9

Population below poverty line

9.4% | note: this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line (2008 est.)

Public debt

98.6% of GDP (2015 est.) | 93.2% of GDP (2014 est.) | note: figures are for gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt; gross general government debt includes both intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level | country comparison to the world: 16

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$79.75 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | $74.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 29

Stock of broad money

$1.486 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) | $1.47 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 13

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$1.256 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) | $1.176 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 9

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$1.065 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) | $1.01 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 8

Stock of domestic credit

$2.642 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) | $2.973 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 9

Stock of narrow money

$568.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | $629.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 10

Taxes and other revenues

38.6% of GDP (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 49

Unemployment rate

6.9% (2015 est.) | 6.9% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 80

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

564 million Mt (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 12

Crude oil - exports

3.21 million bbl/day (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 3

Crude oil - imports

581,300 bbl/day (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 16

Crude oil - production

3.677 million bbl/day (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 5

Crude oil - proved reserves

171 billion bbl (1 January 2016 es) | country comparison to the world: 3

Electricity - consumption

528 billion kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 8

Electricity - exports

58.4 billion kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 4

Electricity - from fossil fuels

25.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 187

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

55.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 41

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

10% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 19

Electricity - from other renewable sources

8.3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 45

Electricity - imports

13 billion kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 14

Electricity - installed generating capacity

137 million kW (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 8

Electricity - production

633 billion kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 7

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2016)

Natural gas - consumption

116.5 billion cu m (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 7

Natural gas - exports

77.96 billion cu m (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 5

Natural gas - imports

21.89 billion cu m (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 15

Natural gas - production

151.5 billion cu m (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 5

Natural gas - proved reserves

1.996 trillion cu m (1 January 2016 es) | country comparison to the world: 18

Refined petroleum products - consumption

2.406 million bbl/day (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 9

Refined petroleum products - exports

491,900 bbl/day (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 13

Refined petroleum products - imports

251,900 bbl/day (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 29

Refined petroleum products - production

1.868 million bbl/day (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 11

Area

total: 9,984,670 sq km | land: 9,093,507 sq km | water: 891,163 sq km | country comparison to the world: 2

Area - comparative

slightly larger than the US

Climate

varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Coastline

202,080 km

Elevation

mean elevation: 487 m | elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m | highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m

Environment - current issues

metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest productivity; air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands | signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates

60 00 N, 95 00 W

Geography - note

second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border; Canada has more fresh water than any other country and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes - that is more than all other countries combined

Irrigated land

8,700 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

total: 8,893 km | border countries (1): US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska) | note: Canada is the world's largest country that borders only one country

Land use

agricultural land: 6.8% | arable land 4.7%; permanent crops 0.5%; permanent pasture 1.6% | forest: 34.1% | other: 59.1% (2011 est.)

Location

Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

Map references

North America

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm | contiguous zone: 24 nm | exclusive economic zone: 200 nm | continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Natural hazards

continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains | volcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant

Natural resources

iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

Population - distribution

vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

Terrain

mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast

Administrative divisions

10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*

Capital

name: Ottawa | geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W | time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time) | daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November | note: Canada has six time zones

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: yes | citizenship by descent: yes | dual citizenship recognized: yes | residency requirement for naturalization: 3 years

Constitution

made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982; several amendments to the 1982 Constitution Act, last in 2011 (2016)

Country name

conventional long form: none | conventional short form: Canada | etymology: the country name derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word "kanata" meaning village or settlement

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Bruce A. HEYMAN (since 8 April 2014) | embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8 | mailing address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430; P.O. Box 866, Station B, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5T1 | telephone: [1] (613) 688-5335 | FAX: [1] (613) 688-3082 | consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador David Brookes MACNAUGHTON (since 2 March 2016) | chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001 | telephone: [1] (202) 682-1740 | FAX: [1] (202) 682-7726 | consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco/Silicon Valley, Seattle | trade office(s): Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General

Executive branch

head of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General David JOHNSTON (since 1 October 2010) | head of government: Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (Liberal Party) (since 4 November 2015) | cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his own party sitting in Parliament | elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general

Flag description

two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol

Government type

federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm

Independence

1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges); note - in 1949, Canada abolished all appeals beyond its Supreme Court, which prior to that time, were heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) | judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75 | subordinate courts: subordinate courts: federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; courts martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts; in 1999, the Nunavut Court - a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court as well as a territorial court - was established to serve isolated settlements

Legal system

common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails

Legislative branch

description: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and can serve until age 75) and the House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (338 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve a maximum of 4-year terms) | elections: House of Commons - last held on 19 October 2015 (next to be held in 2019) | election results: House of Commons - percent of vote by party - Liberal Party 39.5%, Conservative Party 31.9%, NDP 19.7%, Bloc Quebecois 4.7%, Greens 3.4%, other .8%; seats by party - Liberal Party 184, Conservative Party 99, NDP 44, Bloc Quebecois 10, Greens 1

National anthem

name: "O Canada" | lyrics/music: Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEE | note: adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, "O Canada" served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, "God Save the Queen" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)

National holiday

Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

National symbol(s)

maple leaf, beaver; national colors: red, white

Political parties and leaders

Bloc Quebecois [Rheal FORTIN (interim leader)] | Conservative Party of Canada or CPC [Rona AMBROSE (interim leader)] | Green Party [Elizabeth MAY] | Liberal Party [Justin TRUDEAU] | New Democratic Party or NDP [Thomas MULCAIR]

Political pressure groups and leaders

other: agricultural sector; automobile industry; business groups; chemical industry; commercial banks; communications sector; energy industry; environmentalists; public administration groups; steel industry; trade unions

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.

Military branches

Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Joint Operations Command (2015)

Military expenditures

1% of GDP (2015) | 1% of GDP (2014) | 1% of GDP (2013) | 1.24% of GDP (2012) | 1.31% of GDP (2011) | country comparison to the world: 80

Military service age and obligation

17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years (2012)

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.44% (male 2,799,758/female 2,661,645) | 15-24 years: 12.12% (male 2,204,127/female 2,080,587) | 25-54 years: 40.32% (male 7,231,200/female 7,028,692) | 55-64 years: 13.94% (male 2,443,452/female 2,484,788) | 65 years and over: 18.18% (male 2,863,114/female 3,565,542) (2016 est.)

Birth rate

10.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 192

Death rate

8.5 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 80

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 47.3% | youth dependency ratio: 23.5% | elderly dependency ratio: 23.8% | potential support ratio: 4.2% (2015 est.)

Drinking water source

urban: 100% of population | rural: 99% of population | total: 99.8% of population | urban: 0% of population | rural: 1% of population | total: 0.2% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

5.3% of GDP (2011) | country comparison to the world: 62

Ethnic groups

Canadian 32.2%, English 19.8%, French 15.5%, Scottish 14.4%, Irish 13.8%, German 9.8%, Italian 4.5%, Chinese 4.5%, North American Indian 4.2%, other 50.9% | note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin (2011 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 400 (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 89

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Health expenditures

10.4% of GDP (2014) | country comparison to the world: 15

Hospital bed density

2.7 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate

total: 4.6 deaths/1,000 live births | male: 4.9 deaths/1,000 live births | female: 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 179

Languages

English (official) 58.7%, French (official) 22%, Punjabi 1.4%, Italian 1.3%, Spanish 1.3%, German 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2%, Tagalog 1.2%, Arabic 1.1%, other 10.5% (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 81.9 years | male: 79.2 years | female: 84.6 years (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 19

Major urban areas - population

Toronto 5.993 million; Montreal 3.981 million; Vancouver 2.485 million; Calgary 1.337 million; OTTAWA (capital) 1.326 million; Edmonton 1.272 million (2015)

Maternal mortality rate

7 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 147

Median age

total: 42 years | male: 40.8 years | female: 43.3 years (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 30

Mother's mean age at first birth

28.1 (2011 est.)

Nationality

noun: Canadian(s) | adjective: Canadian

Net migration rate

5.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 20

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

30.1% (2014) | country comparison to the world: 48

Physicians density

2.07 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population

35,362,905 (July 2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 39

Population distribution

vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

Population growth rate

0.74% (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 146

Religions

Catholic 39% (includes Roman Catholic 38.8%, other Catholic .2%), Protestant 20.3% (includes United Church 6.1%, Anglican 5%, Baptist 1.9%, Lutheran 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.5%, Presbyterian 1.4%, other Protestant 2.9%), Orthodox 1.6%, other Christian 6.3%, Muslim 3.2%, Hindu 1.5%, Sikh 1.4%, Buddhist 1.1%, Jewish 1%, other 0.6%, none 23.9% (2011 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 100% of population | rural: 99% of population | total: 99.8% of population | urban: 0% of population | rural: 1% of population | total: 0.2% of population (2015 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female | 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female | 15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female | 25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female | 55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female | 65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female | total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.6 children born/woman (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 183

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 13.5% | male: 15% | female: 11.9% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 81

Urbanization

urban population: 81.8% of total population (2015) | rate of urbanization: 1.22% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine, including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; Canada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelf; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland; commencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nm from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; increasing ecstasy production, some of which is destined for the US; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial services sector

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 13,666 (Colombia); 11,415 (China); 8,807 (Haiti); 8,807 (Sri Lanka); 7,207 (Pakistan); 6,414 (Mexico) (2015)

Airports

1,467 (2013) | country comparison to the world: 4

Airports - with paved runways

total: 523 | over 3,047 m: 21 | 2,438 to 3,047 m: 19 | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 147 | 914 to 1,523 m: 257 | under 914 m: 79 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 944 | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 75 | 914 to 1,523 m: 385 | under 914 m: 484 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

C (2016)

Heliports

26 (2013)

Merchant marine

total: 181 | by type: bulk carrier 62, cargo 15, carrier 1, chemical tanker 15, combination ore/oil 1, container 2, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 63, petroleum tanker 11, roll on/roll off 6 | foreign-owned: 19 (Estonia 1, France 1, Netherlands 1, Norway 4, Sweden 2, US 10) | registered in other countries: 225 (Australia 5, Bahamas 96, Barbados 11, Cambodia 2, Cyprus 2, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 77, Liberia 2, Malta 5, Marshall Islands 8, Norway 1, Panama 6, Spain 4, Vanuatu 5) (2010) | country comparison to the world: 35

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 51 | inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 879 | annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 80,228,301 | annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2,074,830,881 mt-km (2015)

Pipelines

gas and liguid petroleum 100,000 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Halifax, Saint John (New Brunswick), Vancouver | river and lake port(s): Montreal, Quebec City, Sept-Isles (St. Lawrence); Fraser River Port (Fraser); Hamilton (Lake Ontario) | oil terminal(s): Lower Lakes terminal | dry bulk cargo port(s): Port-Cartier (iron ore and grain), | container port(s): Montreal (1,362,975), Vancouver (2,507,032)(2011) | LNG terminal(s) (import): Saint John

Railways

total: 77,932 km | standard gauge: 77,932 km 1.435-m gauge (2014) | country comparison to the world: 4

Roadways

total: 1,042,300 km | paved: 415,600 km (includes 17,000 km of expressways) | unpaved: 626,700 km (2011) | country comparison to the world: 7

Waterways

636 km (Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States) (2011) | country comparison to the world: 77