Chad

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 10,470 (2017 est.) | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2017 est.)

Broadcast media

1 state-owned TV station; 2 privately-owned TV stations; state-owned radio network, Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne (RNT), operates national and regional stations; over 10 private radio stations; some stations rebroadcast programs from international broadcasters (2017)

Internet country code

.td

Internet users

total: 592,623 (July 2016 est.) | percent of population: 5% (July 2016 est.)

Telephone system

general assessment: inadequate system of radio telephone communication stations with high maintenance costs and low telephone density; Chad remains one of the least developed on the African continent, telecom infrastructure is particularly low, with penetration rates in all sectors - fixed, mobile and internet -well below African averages (2017) | domestic: fixed-line connections less than 1 per 100 persons, with mobile-cellular subscribership base of about 52 per 100 persons (2017) | international: country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2016)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 14,000 (July 2016 est.) | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (July 2016 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 6,231,009 (July 2016 est.) | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 52 (July 2016 est.)

Agriculture - products

cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, sesame, corn, rice, potatoes, onions, cassava (manioc, tapioca), cattle, sheep, goats, camels

Budget

revenues: 1.337 billion (2017 est.) | expenditures: 1.481 billion (2017 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Central bank discount rate

4.25% (31 December 2009) | 4.75% (31 December 2008)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

15.5% (31 December 2017 est.) | 15.5% (31 December 2016 est.)

Current account balance

-$558 million (2017 est.) | -$926 million (2016 est.)

Debt - external

$1.724 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $1.281 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

43.3 (2011 est.)

Economy - overview

Chad’s landlocked location results in high transportation costs for imported goods and dependence on neighboring countries. Oil and agriculture are mainstays of Chad’s economy. Oil provides about 60% of export revenues, while cotton, cattle, livestock, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's non-oil export earnings. The services sector contributes less than one-third of GDP and has attracted foreign investment mostly through telecommunications and banking. Nearly all of Chad’s fuel is provided by one domestic refinery, and unanticipated shutdowns occasionally result in shortages. The country regulates the price of domestic fuel, providing an incentive for black market sales. Although high oil prices and strong local harvests supported the economy in the past, low oil prices now stress Chad’s fiscal position and have resulted in significant government cutbacks. Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most of its public and private sector investment. Investment in Chad is difficult due to its limited infrastructure, lack of trained workers, extensive government bureaucracy, and corruption. Chad obtained a three-year extended credit facility from the IMF in 2014 and was granted debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative in April 2015. In 2018, economic policy will be driven by efforts that started in 2016 to reverse the recession and to repair damage to public finances and exports. The government is implementing an emergency action plan to counterbalance the drop in oil revenue and to diversify the economy. Chad’s national development plan (NDP) cost just over $9 billion with a financing gap of $6.7 billion. The NDP emphasized the importance of private sector participation in Chad’s development, as well as the need to improve the business environment, particularly in priority sectors such as mining and agriculture. The Government of Chad reached a deal with Glencore and four other banks on the restructuring of a $1.45 billion oil-backed loan in February 2018, after a long negotiation. The new terms include an extension of the maturity to 2030 from 2022, a two-year grace period on principal repayments, and a lower interest rate of the London Inter-bank Offer Rate (Libor) plus 2% - down from Libor plus 7.5%. The original Glencore loan was to be repaid with crude oil assets, however, Chad's oil sales were hit by the downturn in the price of oil. Chad had secured a $312 million credit from the IMF in June 2017, but release of those funds hinged on restructuring the Glencore debt. Chad had already cut public spending to try to meet the terms of the IMF program, but that prompted strikes and protests in a country where nearly 40% of the population lives below the poverty line. Multinational partners, such as the African Development Bank, the EU, and the World Bank are likely to continue budget support in 2018, but Chad will remain at high debt risk, given its dependence on oil revenue and pressure to spend on subsidies and security.

Exchange rates

Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar - | 605.3 (2017 est.) | 593.01 (2016 est.) | 593.01 (2015 est.) | 591.45 (2014 est.) | 494.42 (2013 est.)

Exports

$2.464 billion (2017 est.) | $2.187 billion (2016 est.)

Exports - commodities

oil, livestock, cotton, sesame, gum arabic, shea butter

Exports - partners

US 38.7%, China 16.6%, Netherlands 15.7%, UAE 12.2%, India 6.3% (2017)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$9.872 billion (2017 est.) (2017 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$28.62 billion (2017 est.) | $29.55 billion (2016 est.) | $31.58 billion (2015 est.) | note: data are in 2017 dollars

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 75.1% (2017 est.) | government consumption: 4.4% (2017 est.) | investment in fixed capital: 24.1% (2017 est.) | investment in inventories: 0.7% (2017 est.) | exports of goods and services: 35.1% (2017 est.) | imports of goods and services: -39.4% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 52.3% (2017 est.) | industry: 14.7% (2017 est.) | services: 33.1% (2017 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$2,300 (2017 est.) | $2,500 (2016 est.) | $2,700 (2015 est.) | note: data are in 2017 dollars

GDP - real growth rate

-3.1% (2017 est.) | -6.4% (2016 est.) | 1.8% (2015 est.)

Gross national saving

15.5% of GDP (2017 est.) | 7.5% of GDP (2016 est.) | 13.3% of GDP (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 30.8% (2003) | highest 10%: 30.8% (2003)

Imports

$2.16 billion (2017 est.) | $1.997 billion (2016 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners

China 19.9%, Cameroon 17.2%, France 17%, US 5.4%, India 4.9%, Senegal 4.5% (2017)

Industrial production growth rate

-4% (2017 est.)

Industries

oil, cotton textiles, brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

-0.9% (2017 est.) | -1.1% (2016 est.)

Labor force

5.654 million (2017 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 80% | industry: 20% (2006 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

NA

Population below poverty line

46.7% (2011 est.)

Public debt

52.5% of GDP (2017 est.) | 52.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$22.9 million (31 December 2017 est.) | $20.92 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of broad money

$1.397 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $1.241 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

NA

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$4.5 billion (2006 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$2.681 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $2.387 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$1.397 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $1.241 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

13.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate

NA

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

342,200 Mt (2017 est.)

Crude oil - exports

70,440 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - production

128,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

1.5 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity - consumption

208.6 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

98% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

3% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

48,200 kW (2016 est.)

Electricity - production

224.3 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity access

population without electricity: 10,477,071 (2013) | electrification - total population: 4% (2013) | electrification - urban areas: 14% (2013) | electrification - rural areas: 1% (2013)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

2,300 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

2,285 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Area

total: 1.284 million sq km | land: 1,259,200 sq km | water: 24,800 sq km

Area - comparative

almost nine times the size of New York state; slightly more than three times the size of California

Climate

tropical in south, desert in north

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

mean elevation: 543 m | elevation extremes: 160 m lowest point: Djourab | 3445 highest point: Emi Koussi

Environment - current issues

inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas and poor farming practices contribute to soil and water pollution; desertification

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands | signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Geographic coordinates

15 00 N, 19 00 E

Geography - note

note 1: Chad is the largest of Africa's 16 landlocked countries note 2: not long ago - geologically speaking - what is today the Sahara was green savannah teeming with wildlife; during the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, a vibrant animal community, including elephants, giraffes, hippos, and antelope lived there; the last remnant of the "Green Sahara" exists in the Lakes of Ounianga (oo-nee-ahn-ga) in northern Chad, a series of 18 interconnected freshwater, saline, and hypersaline lakes now protected as a World Heritage site note 3: Lake Chad, the most significant water body in the Sahel, is a remnant of a former inland sea, paleolake Mega-Chad; at its greatest extent, sometime before 5000 B.C., Lake Mega-Chad was the largest of four Saharan paleolakes that existed during the African Humid Period; it covered an area of about 400,000 sq km (150,000 sq mi), roughly the size of today's Caspian Sea

Irrigated land

300 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

total: 6,406 km | border countries (6): Cameroon 1116 km, Central African Republic 1556 km, Libya 1050 km, Niger 1196 km, Nigeria 85 km, Sudan 1403 km

Land use

agricultural land: 39.6% (2011 est.) | arable land: 3.9% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 0% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 35.7% (2011 est.) | forest: 9.1% (2011 est.) | other: 51.3% (2011 est.)

Location

Central Africa, south of Libya

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues

Natural resources

petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt

Population distribution

the population is unevenly distributed due to contrasts in climate and physical geography; the highest density is found in the southwest, particularly around Lake Chad and points south; the dry Saharan zone to the north is the least densely populated

Terrain

broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south

Administrative divisions

23 regions (regions, singular - region); Barh el Gazel, Batha, Borkou, Chari-Baguirmi, Ennedi-Est, Ennedi-Ouest, Guera, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Kebbi Est, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile, Tibesti, Ville de N'Djamena, Wadi Fira

Capital

name: N'Djamena | geographic coordinates: 12 06 N, 15 02 E | time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no | citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Chad | dual citizenship recognized: Chadian law does not address dual citizenship | residency requirement for naturalization: 15 years

Constitution

history: several previous; latest approved 30 April 2018 by the National Assembly, entered into force 4 May 2018 (2018) | amendments: proposed as a revision by the president of the republic after a Council of Ministers (cabinet) decision or by the National Assembly; approval for consideration of a revision requires at least three-fifths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires approval by referendum or at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; amended 2005, 2013 (2018)

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Chad | conventional short form: Chad | local long form: Republique du Tchad/Jumhuriyat Tshad | local short form: Tchad/Tshad | etymology: named for Lake Chad, which lies along the country's western border; the word "tsade" means "large body of water" or "lake" in several local native languages | note: the only country whose name is composed of a single syllable with a single vowel

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Geeta PASI (since September 2016) | embassy: Chagoua Round Point, N'Djamena | mailing address: B. P. 413, N'Djamena | telephone: [235] 2251-5017 | FAX: [235] 2253-9102

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Ngote Gali KOUTOU (since 22 June 2018) | chancery: 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 | telephone: [1] (202) 652-1312 | FAX: [1] (202) 758-0431

Executive branch

chief of state: President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. (since 4 December 1990) | head of government: President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. (since 4 December 1990); prime minister position eliminated under the 2018 constitution | cabinet: Council of Ministers; members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister | elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 10 April 2016 (next to be held in April 2021); prime minister appointed by the president | election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (MPS) 61.6%, Saleh KEBZABO (UNDR) 12.8%, Laokein Kourayo MEDAR (CTPD) 10.7%, Djimrangar DADNADJI (CAP-SUR) 5.1%, other 9.8%

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow (gold) of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; gold represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice | note: almost identical to the flag of Romania but with a darker shade of blue; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design based on the flag of France

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

11 August 1960 (from France)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, 3 chamber presidents, and 12 judges or councilors and divided into 3 chambers); Constitutional Council (consists of 3 judges and 6 jurists) | judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice selected by the president; councilors - 8 designated by the president and 7 by the speaker of the National Assembly; chief justice and councilors appointed for life; Constitutional Council judges - 2 appointed by the president and 1 by the speaker of the National Assembly; jurists - 3 each by the president and by the speaker of the National Assembly; judges appointed for 9-year terms | subordinate courts: High Court of Justice; Courts of Appeal; tribunals; justices of the peace

Legal system

mixed legal system of civil and customary law

Legislative branch

description: unicameral National Assembly (188 seats; 163 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 25 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 4-year terms) | elections: last held on 13 February and 6 May 2011 (next to be held in 2019) | election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MPS 117, UNDR 10, RDP 9, RNDT/Le Reveil 8, URD 8, Viva-RNDP 5, FAR 4, CTPD 2, PDSA 2, PUR 2, UDR 2, other 19; composition - men 164, women 24, percent of women 12.8% | note: the National Assembly mandate was extended to 2019, reportedly due to a lack of funding for the scheduled 2015 election

National anthem

name: "La Tchadienne" (The Chadian) | lyrics/music: Louis GIDROL and his students/Paul VILLARD | note: adopted 1960

National holiday

Independence Day, 11 August (1960)

National symbol(s)

goat (north), lion (south); national colors: blue, yellow, red

Political parties and leaders

Chadian Convention for Peace and Development or CTPD [Laoukein Kourayo MEDAR] Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR] Framework of Popular Action for Solidarity and Unity of the Republic or CAP-SUR [Joseph Djimrangar DADNADJI] National Rally for Development and Progress or Viva-RNDP [Dr. Nouradine Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE] National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO] Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ahmat ALHABO] Party for Unity and Reconciliation Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Idriss DEBY]Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Mahamat Allahou TAHER]RNDT/Le Reveil [Albert Pahimi PADACKE] Social Democratic Party for a Change-over of Power or PDSA Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Sande NGARYIMBE]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of civil warfare, as well as invasions by Libya, before peace was restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998, a rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which has sporadically flared up despite several peace agreements between the government and insurgents. In June 2005, President Idriss DEBY held a referendum successfully removing constitutional term limits and won another controversial election in 2006. Sporadic rebel campaigns continued throughout 2006 and 2007. The capital experienced a significant insurrection in early 2008, but has had no significant rebel threats since then, in part due to Chad's 2010 rapprochement with Sudan, which previously used Chadian rebels as proxies. In late 2015, the government imposed a state of emergency in the Lake Chad region following multiple attacks by the terrorist group Boko Haram throughout the year; Boko Haram also launched several bombings in N'Djamena in mid-2015. DEBY in 2016 was reelected to his fifth term in an election that was peaceful but flawed. In December 2015, Chad completed a two-year rotation on the UN Security Council. In January 2017, DEBY completed a one-year term as Chairperson of the African Union Assembly.

Military branches

Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale du Tchad, ANT): Ground Forces (l'Armee de Terre, AdT), Chadian Air Force (l'Armee de l'Air Tchadienne, AAT), National Gendarmerie, National and Nomadic Guard of Chad (GNNT) (2013)

Military expenditures

2.79% of GDP (2016) | 2.03% of GDP (2015) | 2.82% of GDP (2014) | 5.61% of GDP (2013)

Military service age and obligation

20 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service, with a 3-year service obligation; 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a parent or guardian; women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age 21; while provisions for military service have not been repealed, they have never been fully implemented (2015)

Age structure

0-14 years: 48.12% (male 3,856,001 /female 3,763,622) | 15-24 years: 19.27% (male 1,532,687 /female 1,518,940) | 25-54 years: 26.95% (male 2,044,795 /female 2,222,751) | 55-64 years: 3.25% (male 228,930 /female 286,379) | 65 years and over: 2.39% (male 164,257 /female 214,754) (2018 est.) | population pyramid: The World Factbook Field Image Modal × Africa :: Chad Print Image Description This is the population pyramid for Chad. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends. For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.

Birth rate

43 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

28.8% (2015)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

5.7% (2014/15)

Death rate

10.5 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Demographic profile

Despite the start of oil production in 2003, 40% of Chad’s population lives below the poverty line. The population will continue to grow rapidly because of the country’s very high fertility rate and large youth cohort – more than 65% of the populace is under the age of 25 – although the mortality rate is high and life expectancy is low. Chad has the world’s third highest maternal mortality rate. Among the primary risk factors are poverty, anemia, rural habitation, high fertility, poor education, and a lack of access to family planning and obstetric care. Impoverished, uneducated adolescents living in rural areas are most affected. To improve women’s reproductive health and reduce fertility, Chad will need to increase women’s educational attainment, job participation, and knowledge of and access to family planning. Only about a quarter of women are literate, less than 5% use contraceptives, and more than 40% undergo genital cutting. As of October 2017, more than 320,000 refugees from Sudan and more than 75,000 from the Central African Republic strain Chad’s limited resources and create tensions in host communities. Thousands of new refugees fled to Chad in 2013 to escape worsening violence in the Darfur region of Sudan. The large refugee populations are hesitant to return to their home countries because of continued instability. Chad was relatively stable in 2012 in comparison to other states in the region, but past fighting between government forces and opposition groups and inter-communal violence have left nearly 60,000 of its citizens displaced in the eastern part of the country.

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 100.2 (2015 est.) | youth dependency ratio: 95.2 (2015 est.) | elderly dependency ratio: 4.9 (2015 est.) | potential support ratio: 20.3 (2015 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 71.8% of population | rural: 44.8% of population | total: 50.8% of population | unimproved: urban: 28.2% of population | rural: 55.2% of population | total: 49.2% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

2.9% of GDP (2013)

Ethnic groups

Sara (Ngambaye/Sara/Madjingaye/Mbaye) 30.5%, Kanembu/Bornu/Buduma 9.8%, Arab 9.7%, Wadai/Maba/Masalit/Mimi 7%, Gorane 5.8%, Masa/Musseye/Musgum 4.9%, Bulala/Medogo/Kuka 3.7%, Marba/Lele/Mesme 3.5%, Mundang 2.7%, Bidiyo/Migaama/Kenga/Dangleat 2.5%, Dadjo/Kibet/Muro 2.4%, Tupuri/Kera 2%, Gabri/Kabalaye/Nanchere/Somrai 2%, Fulani/Fulbe/Bodore 1.8%, Karo/Zime/Peve 1.3%, Baguirmi/Barma 1.2%, Zaghawa/Bideyat/Kobe 1.1%, Tama/Assongori/Mararit 1.1%, Mesmedje/Massalat/Kadjakse 0.8%, other Chadian ethnicities 3.4%, Chadians of foreign ethnicities 0.9%, foreign nationals 0.3%, unspecified 1.7% (2014-15 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

1.3% (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

3,100 (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

110,000 (2017 est.)

Health expenditures

3.6% of GDP (2014)

Infant mortality rate

total: 71.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.) | male: 77.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.) | female: 65.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Languages

French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 57.5 years (2018 est.) | male: 55.7 years (2018 est.) | female: 59.3 years (2018 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic (2016 est.) | total population: 22.3% (2016 est.) | male: 31.3% (2016 est.) | female: 14% (2016 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high (2016) | food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever (2016) | vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever (2016) | water contact diseases: schistosomiasis (2016) | animal contact diseases: rabies (2016) | respiratory diseases: meningococcal meningitis (2016)

Major urban areas - population

1.323 million N'DJAMENA (capital) (2018)

Maternal mortality rate

856 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Median age

total: 15.8 years | male: 15.3 years | female: 16.3 years (2018 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

17.9 years (2014/15 est.) | note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

Nationality

noun: Chadian(s) | adjective: Chadian

Net migration rate

-3.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

6.1% (2016)

Physicians density

0.04 physicians/1,000 population (2013)

Population

15,833,116 (July 2018 est.)

Population distribution

the population is unevenly distributed due to contrasts in climate and physical geography; the highest density is found in the southwest, particularly around Lake Chad and points south; the dry Saharan zone to the north is the least densely populated

Population growth rate

3.23% (2018 est.)

Religions

Muslim 52.1%, Protestant 23.9%, Roman Catholic 20%, animist 0.3%, other Christian 0.2%, none 2.8%, unspecified 0.7% (2014-15 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 31.4% of population (2015 est.) | rural: 6.5% of population (2015 est.) | total: 12.1% of population (2015 est.) | unimproved: urban: 68.6% of population (2015 est.) | rural: 93.5% of population (2015 est.) | total: 87.9% of population (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 7 years (2011) | male: 9 years (2011) | female: 6 years (2011)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 15-24 years: 0.95 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 25-54 years: 0.83 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 55-64 years: 0.79 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Total fertility rate

5.9 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 23.1% of total population (2018) | rate of urbanization: 3.88% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Terrorist groups - foreign based

Boko Haram: aim(s): establish an Islamic caliphate across Africa area(s) of operation: conducts kidnappings, bombings, and assaults, including in the capital, N'Djamena note: violently opposes any political or social activity associated with Western society, including voting, attending secular schools, and wearing Western dress (April 2018) | Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)-West Africa: aim(s): implement ISIS's strict interpretation of Sharia; replace the Nigerian Government with an Islamic state area(s) of operation: based primarily in Northeast Nigeria along the border with Niger, with its largest presence in northeast Nigeria and the Lake Chad region; targets primarily regional military installations (April 2018)

Disputes - international

since 2003, ad hoc armed militia groups and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into ChadChad wishes to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violenceonly Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 336,295 (Sudan), 101,178 (Central African Republic), 11,319 (Nigeria) (2018) | IDPs: 162,755 (majority are in the east) (2018)

Airports

59 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

total: 9 (2017) | over 3,047 m: 2 (2017) | 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 (2017) | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2017) | under 914 m: 1 (2017)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 50 (2013) | over 3,047 m: 1 (2013) | 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2013) | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 (2013) | 914 to 1,523 m: 22 (2013) | under 914 m: 11 (2013)

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 1 (2015) | inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 1 (2015) | annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 28,332 (2015) | annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: mt-km (2015)

Pipelines

582 km oil (2013)

Roadways

total: 40,000 km (2011) | note: consists of 25,000 km of national and regional roads and 15,000 km of local roads; 206 km of urban roads are paved

Waterways

(Chari and Legone Rivers are navigable only in wet season) (2012)