Finland

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 1.98 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 35 (2023 est.)

Broadcast media

3 publicly operated TV stations and numerous privately owned TV stations; several free and special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals are digital; 13 national and 25 regional public radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters

Internet country code

.fi note: Aland Islands assigned .ax

Internet users

percent of population: 94% (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 158,000 (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2024 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 7.07 million (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126 (2024 est.)

Agricultural products

milk, barley, oats, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, pork, chicken, peas, rye (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Average household expenditures

on food: 12.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.) on alcohol and tobacco: 4.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Budget

revenues: $126.337 billion (2023 est.) expenditures: $131.978 billion (2023 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Current account balance

$930.393 million (2024 est.) -$1.58 billion (2023 est.) -$7.026 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Economic overview

high-income, export-based EU and eurozone economy; major timber, metals, engineering, telecom, and electronics industries; emerging from recession triggered by inflation, weak consumer and export demand, and lower private investment; labor market reform plan to address structural rigidities

Exchange rates

euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.924 (2024 est.) 0.925 (2023 est.) 0.95 (2022 est.) 0.845 (2021 est.) 0.876 (2020 est.)

Exports

$124.531 billion (2024 est.) $127.098 billion (2023 est.) $129.389 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities

paper, refined petroleum, steel, wood pulp, ships (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

USA 11%, Germany 11%, Sweden 10%, Netherlands 7%, China 5% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

GDP (official exchange rate)

$299.836 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 53.4% (2023 est.) government consumption: 25.6% (2023 est.) investment in fixed capital: 23.4% (2023 est.) investment in inventories: -0.4% (2023 est.) exports of goods and services: 43.1% (2023 est.) imports of goods and services: -42.8% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 2.5% (2024 est.) industry: 22.1% (2024 est.) services: 62.9% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

27.9 (2022 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3.8% (2022 est.) highest 10%: 23.1% (2022 est.) note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports

$122.644 billion (2024 est.) $126.175 billion (2023 est.) $135.119 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities

crude petroleum, cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners

Germany 14%, Sweden 12%, China 9%, Norway 8%, Netherlands 5% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industrial production growth rate

-2.2% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.6% (2024 est.) 6.3% (2023 est.) 7.1% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force

2.898 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Population below poverty line

12.2% (2022 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt

61.3% of GDP (2017 est.) note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$313.591 billion (2024 est.) $314.075 billion (2023 est.) $317.078 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate

-0.2% (2024 est.) -0.9% (2023 est.) 0.8% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita

$55,600 (2024 est.) $56,200 (2023 est.) $57,100 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

Remittances

0.2% of GDP (2024 est.) 0.3% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.2% of GDP (2022 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$17.993 billion (2024 est.) $16.929 billion (2023 est.) $16.036 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Taxes and other revenues

25.4% (of GDP) (2023 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Unemployment rate

8.3% (2024 est.) 7.2% (2023 est.) 6.8% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 19.2% (2024 est.) male: 20% (2024 est.) female: 18.3% (2024 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Coal

production: 811,000 metric tons (2023 est.) consumption: 3.933 million metric tons (2023 est.) exports: 113,000 metric tons (2023 est.) imports: 2.624 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 26.782 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 77.419 billion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 7.883 billion kWh (2023 est.) imports: 9.644 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 2.721 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 5.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) nuclear: 41.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 18.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 19.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) biomass and waste: 13.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

183.54 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

consumption: 1.55 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) exports: 479.457 million cubic meters (2023 est.) imports: 2.112 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Nuclear energy

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 5 (2025) Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 4.37GW (2025 est.) Percent of total electricity production: 42% (2025 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 8,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 172,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

33.594 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 7.536 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 23.069 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 2.989 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Climate

cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

Environmental issues

limited air pollution in urban centers; some water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

Geoparks

total global geoparks and regional networks: 4 (2024) global geoparks and regional networks: Impact Crater Lake - Lappajarvi; Rokua; Lauhanvuori-Haemeenkangas; Saimaa; Salpausselka (2024)

International environmental agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Land use

agricultural land: 7.4% (2023 est.) arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 0% (2023 est.) forest: 74.2% (2023 est.) other: 18.4% (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources

110 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 500 million cubic meters (2022 est.) industrial: 1.299 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) agricultural: 1 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 85.8% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 3.124 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 35.4% (2022 est.)

Area

total : 338,145 sq km land: 303,815 sq km water: 34,330 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana

Climate

cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

Coastline

1,250 km

Elevation

highest point: Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m mean elevation: 164 m

Geographic coordinates

64 00 N, 26 00 E

Geography - note

long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain

Irrigated land

80 sq km (2016)

Land boundaries

total: 2,563 km border countries (3): Norway 709 km; Sweden 545 km; Russia 1,309 km

Land use

agricultural land: 7.4% (2023 est.) arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 0% (2023 est.) forest: 74.2% (2023 est.) other: 18.4% (2023 est.)

Location

Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s): Saimaa - 1,760 sq km; Paijanne - 1,090 sq km; Inarijarvi - 1,000 sq km; Oulujarvi - 900 sq km; Pielinen - 850 sq km

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm) contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia

Natural hazards

severe winters in the north

Natural resources

timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone

Population distribution

the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely populated

Terrain

mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills

Administrative divisions

19 regions ( maakunnat , singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen , singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish) [South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish) [South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland]; Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere]; Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Osterbotten (Swedish) [Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia]; Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish) [North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]

Capital

name: Helsinki geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the modern name is a Finnish derivation; King Gustav VASA of Sweden founded the city in 1550 as Helsingfors; the name came from Helsing , the Old Norwegian name for a local people, and the word fors , or "waterfall," referring to a waterfall at the city's original location on the Vantaa River

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 6 years

Constitution

history: previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000 amendment process: proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared "urgent" by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Finland conventional short form: Finland local long form: Suomen tasavalta (Finnish)/ Republiken Finland (Swedish) local short form: Suomi (Finnish)/ Finland (Swedish) etymology: name derives from the Finns, an ethnic group in northeastern Europe; their name comes from the Germanic word finna , meaning "fish scale;" the local name, Suomi, may come from two local words: suo , meaning "marsh," and maa , meaning "land"

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Howard W. BRODIE (since 13 November 2025) embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14 B, 00140 Helsinki mailing address: 5310 Helsinki Place, Washington DC 20521-5310 telephone: [358] (9) 616-250 FAX: [358] (9) 174-681 email address and website: HelsinkiACS@state.gov https://fi.usembassy.gov/

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Leena-Kaisa MIKKOLA (since 18 September 2024) chancery: 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 298-5800 FAX: [1] (202) 298-6030 email address and website: sanomat.WAS@gov.fi https://finlandabroad.fi/web/usa/mission consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York

Executive branch

chief of state: President Alexander STUBB (since 1 March 2024) head of government: Prime Minister Petteri ORPO (since 20 June 2023) cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by Parliament most recent election date: 28 January 2024, with a runoff on 11 February 2024 election results: 2024: Alexander STUBB elected in the second round; percent of vote in the first round - Alexander STUBB (KoK) 27.2%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 25.8%, Jussi HALLA-AHO (PS) 19.0%, Olli REHN (Kesk) 15.3%; percent of vote in second round - STUBB 51.6%, HAAVISTO 48.4% 2018: Sauli NIINISTO reelected president; percent of vote - Sauli NIINISTO (independent) 62.7%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 12.4%, Laura HUHTASAARI (PS) 6.9%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (independent) 6.2%, Matti VANHANEN (Kesk) 4.1%, other 7.7% expected date of next election: by 28 January 2030

Flag

description: white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the cross is shifted to the left in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) meaning: the blue stands for the country's thousands of lakes, and the white for snow

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

6 December 1917 (from Russia)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNSOM, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges, including the court president; organized into 3 chambers) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 68 subordinate courts: 6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights note: Finland has a dual judicial system; courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction, and administrative courts with jurisdiction for litigation between individuals and administrative organs of the state and communities

Legal system

civil law system based on the Swedish model

Legislative branch

legislature name: Parliament (Eduskunta - Riksdagen) legislative structure: unicameral number of seats: 200 (all directly elected) electoral system: proportional representation scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 4 years most recent election date: 4/2/2023 parties elected and seats per party: National Coalition Party (KOK) (48); The Finns Party (PS) (46); Social Democratic Party (SDP) (43); Center Party (KESK) (23); The Greens (13); Left Alliance (Vas) (11); Other (16) percentage of women in chamber: 45.5% expected date of next election: April 2027

National anthem(s)

title: "Maamme" (Our Land) lyrics/music: Paavo Eemil KAJANDER, Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS history: in use since 1848; although never officially adopted, the anthem has been popular since a student group first sang it in 1848

National color(s)

blue, white

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 7 (6 cultural, 1 natural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Fortress of Suomenlinna (c); Old Rauma (c); Pet j vesi Old Church (c); Verla Groundwood and Board Mill (c); Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenm ki (c); High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago (n); Struve Geodetic Arc (c)

National holiday

Independence Day, 6 December (1917)

National symbol(s)

lion

Political parties

Aland Coalition (a coalition of several political parties on the Aland Islands) Center Party or Kesk Christian Democrats or KD Finns Party or PS Green League or Vihr Left Alliance or Vas Movement Now or Liike Nyt National Coalition Party or Kok Social Democratic Party or SDP Swedish People's Party or RKP or SFP

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union, albeit with some loss of territory. During the next half-century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per-capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the EU since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high-quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system, although the system is currently facing the challenges of an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy. Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland opted to join NATO; it became the organization's 31st member in April 2023.

Military - note

the Finnish Defense Forces (FDF) are focused primarily on territorial defense, which is based on having a large, trained reserve force created by general conscription; other FDF responsibilities include support to international peacekeeping operations and some domestic security duties, such as assisting the National Police in maintaining law and order in crises the FDF is also focused on fulfilling its commitment to NATO; following Russia s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland applied for NATO membership, gaining entry in April 2023; Finland had been part of NATO s Partnership for Peace program since 1994 and participated in NATO-led military missions in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq; in 2024, it joined NATO's Air Policing mission in Eastern Europe Finland is a signatory of the EU s Common Security and Defense Policy and actively participates in EU crisis management missions and operations; the FDF also cooperates closely with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation structure (NORDEFCO; established 2009), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden and involves cooperation in such areas as armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; Sweden, the UK, and the US are close bi-lateral defense partners; in 2022, Finland signed a mutual security agreement with the UK, and since 2014 has been part of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions (2025)

Military and security forces

Finnish Defense Forces (FDF; Puolustusvoimat): Army (Maavoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2025) note: the Border Guard (Rajavartiolaitos) and National Police are under the Ministry of the Interior; the Border Guard becomes part of the FDF in wartime

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 31,000 active-duty military personnel (2025) note: active-duty figures include about 21,000 conscripts carrying out their obligated military service

Military deployments

165 Lebanon (UNIFIL); Finland also contributes to several ongoing EU and NATO missions (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory consists of a mix of modern European, Israeli, South Korean, US, and domestically produced weapons systems; the Finnish defense industry produces a variety of military equipment, including wheeled armored vehicles and naval vessels; Finland also cooperates with other European countries and the US in the joint production of armaments (2025)

Military expenditures

2.8% of GDP (2025 est.) 2.4% of GDP (2024 est.) 2.1% of GDP (2023 est.) 1.7% of GDP (2022 est.) 1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military service age and obligation

all Finnish men are obligated to serve 5.5-12 months of service within a branch of the military or the Border Guard upon reaching the age of 18 (length of service depends on the type of duty); women 18-29 may volunteer for service; there is also an option to perform non-military service which lasts for 8.5 or 11.5 months; after completing their initial conscript obligation, individuals enter the reserves and remain eligible for mobilization until the age of 50 for rank-and-file and 60 for non-commissioned and commissioned officers (2025) note: Finland has had conscription since 1951; each year, the military inducts and active-duty units train approximately 21,000 conscripts; the resulting pool of trained reservists gives the FDF a wartime strength of approximately 280,000 and a total reserve of some 900,000 citizens with military service

Age structure

0-14 years: 16.2% (male 464,939/female 444,585) 15-64 years: 60.3% (male 1,725,072/female 1,668,604) 65 years and over: 23.5% (2024 est.) (male 583,645/female 739,569)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 8.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 3.76 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 1.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 1.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

7.75 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Child marriage

women married by age 18: 0.1% (2017)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

57.1% (2023 est.)

Death rate

11.01 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 62.3 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 23.3 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 39 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 2.6 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.) rural: 100% of population (2022 est.) total: 100% of population (2022 est.) urban: 0% of population (2022 est.) rural: 0% of population (2022 est.) total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

6.4% of GDP (2022 est.) 12.1% national budget (2022 est.)

Ethnic groups

Finnish, Swedish, Russian, Estonian, Romani, Sami note: 90.9% of the population has a Finnish background (2022 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.63 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

10.2% of GDP (2021) 14.8% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

2.8 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 1.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 2.3 deaths/1,000 live births female: 1.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Finnish (official) 85.9%, Swedish (official) 5.2%, Russian 1.7%, other 7.2% (2022 est.) major-language sample(s): World Factbook, korvaamaton perustietol hde. (Finnish) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 82.2 years (2024 est.) male: 79.3 years female: 85.2 years

Major urban areas - population

1.338 million HELSINKI (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

8 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

total: 44 years (2025 est.) male: 41.8 years female: 44.9 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

29.5 years (2020 est.)

Nationality

noun: Finn(s) adjective: Finnish

Net migration rate

3.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

22.2% (2016)

Physician density

3.61 physicians/1,000 population (2021)

Population

total: 5,550,449 (2025 est.) male: 2,750,057 female: 2,800,392

Population distribution

the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely populated

Population growth rate

0.02% (2025 est.)

Religions

Lutheran 66.6%, Greek Orthodox 1.1%, other 1.7%, none 30.6% (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.) rural: 100% of population (2022 est.) total: 100% of population (2022 est.) urban: 0% of population (2022 est.) rural: 0% of population (2022 est.) total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 20 years (2023 est.) male: 18 years (2023 est.) female: 21 years (2023 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 18% (2025 est.) male: 21.7% (2025 est.) female: 14.3% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.28 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 85.8% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees: 97,568 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 1,326 (2024 est.)

Airports

98 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

OH

Heliports

17 (2025)

Merchant marine

total: 282 (2023) by type: bulk carrier 9, general cargo 75, oil tanker 4, other 194

Ports

total ports: 37 (2024) large: 5 medium: 7 small: 11 very small: 14 ports with oil terminals: 21 key ports: Helsinki, Kaskinen, Kokkola, Kotka, Kristinestad, Mantyluoto, Oulu, Pietarsaari, Pori, Rauma, Turku, Vaasa

Railways

total: 5,918 km (2020) 3,349 km electrified