Korea, North

Broadcast media

no independent media; radios and TVs are pre-tuned to government stations; 4 government-owned TV stations; the Korean Workers' Party owns and operates the Korean Central Broadcasting Station, and the state-run Voice of Korea operates an external broadcast service; the government prohibits listening to and jams foreign broadcasts (2008)

Internet country code

.kp

Internet hosts

8 (2012) country comparison to the world: 226

Telephone system

general assessment: adequate system; nationwide fiber-optic network; mobile-cellular service expanding beyond Pyongyang domestic: fiber-optic links installed down to the county level; telephone directories unavailable; GSM mobile-cellular service initiated in 2002 but suspended in 2004; Orascom Telecom Holding, an Egyptian company, launched W-CDMA mobile service on 15 December 2008 for the Pyongyang area, has expanded service to several large cities and now has a 1-million-person subscriber base international: country code - 850; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean, 1 Russian - Indian Ocean region); other international connections through Moscow and Beijing (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

1.18 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 70

Telephones - mobile cellular

1.7 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 148

Agriculture - products

rice, corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; cattle, pigs, pork, eggs

Budget

revenues: $3.2 billion expenditures: $3.3 billion (2007 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-0.4% of GDP (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 54

Debt - external

$12.5 billion (2001 est.) country comparison to the world: 94

Economy - overview

North Korea, one of the world's most centrally directed and least open economies, faces chronic economic problems. Industrial capital stock is nearly beyond repair as a result of years of underinvestment, shortages of spare parts, and poor maintenance. Large-scale military spending draws off resources needed for investment and civilian consumption. Industrial and power output have stagnated for years at a fraction of pre-1990 levels. Frequent weather-related crop failures aggravated chronic food shortages caused by on-going systemic problems, including a lack of arable land, collective farming practices, poor soil quality, insufficient fertilization, and persistent shortages of tractors and fuel. Large-scale international food aid deliveries as well as aid from China has allowed the people of North Korea to escape widespread starvation since famine threatened in 1995, but the population continues to suffer from prolonged malnutrition and poor living conditions. Since 2002, the government has allowed private "farmers' markets" to begin selling a wider range of goods. It also permitted some private farming - on an experimental basis - in an effort to boost agricultural output. In December 2009, North Korea carried out a redenomination of its currency, capping the amount of North Korean won that could be exchanged for the new notes, and limiting the exchange to a one-week window. A concurrent crackdown on markets and foreign currency use yielded severe shortages and inflation, forcing Pyongyang to ease the restrictions by February 2010. In response to the sinking of the South Korean destroyer Cheonan and the shelling of Yeonpyeong Island, South Korea's government cut off most aid, trade, and bilateral cooperation activities, with the exception of operations at the Kaesong Industrial Complex. In 2012, KIM Jong Un's first year of leadership, the North displayed increased focus on the economy by renewing its commitment to special economic zones with China, negotiating a new payment structure to settle its $11 billion Soviet-era debt to Russia, and purportedly proposing new agricultural and industrial policies to boost domestic production. The North Korean government often highlights its goal of becoming a "strong and prosperous" nation and attracting foreign investment, a key factor for improving the overall standard of living. Nevertheless, firm political control remains the government's overriding concern, which likely will inhibit fundamental reforms of North Korea's current economic system.

Exchange rates

North Korean won (KPW) per US dollar (market rate) 155.5 (2012 est.) 156.1 (2011 est.) 145 (2010 est.) 3,630 (December 2008) 140 (2007)

Exports

$4.707 billion (2011) country comparison to the world: 115

Exports - commodities

minerals, metallurgical products, manufactures (including armaments), textiles, agricultural and fishery products

Exports - partners

China 67.2%, South Korea 19.4%, India 3.6% (2011 est.)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$28 billion (2009 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$40 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 103 $40 billion (2010 est.) $40 billion (2009 est.) note: data are in 2011 US dollars; North Korea does not publish reliable National Income Accounts data; the data shown here are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP estimates for North Korea that were made by Angus MADDISON in a study conducted for the OECD; his figure for 1999 was extrapolated to 2011 using estimated real growth rates for North Korea's GDP and an inflation factor based on the US GDP deflator; the results were rounded to the nearest $10 billion.

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 23.3% industry: 42.9% services: 33.8% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$1,800 (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 195 $1,800 (2010 est.) $1,900 (2009 est.) note: data are in 2011 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

0.8% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 166 -0.5% (2010 est.) -0.9% (2009 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Imports

$4.33 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 137

Imports - commodities

petroleum, coking coal, machinery and equipment, textiles, grain

Imports - partners

China 61.6%, South Korea 20%, European Union 4% (2011 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

NA%

Industries

military products; machine building, electric power, chemicals; mining (coal, iron ore, limestone, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, and precious metals), metallurgy; textiles, food processing; tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

NA%

Labor force

12.2 million country comparison to the world: 42 note: estimates vary widely (2009 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 35% industry and services: 65% (2008 est.)

Population below poverty line

NA%

Taxes and other revenues

11.4% of GDP country comparison to the world: 205 note: excludes earnings from state-operated enterprises (2007 est.)

Unemployment rate

NA%

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

65.96 million Mt (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 52

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 138

Crude oil - imports

6,540 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 78

Crude oil - production

87.2 bbl/day (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 124

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2013 es) country comparison to the world: 148

Electricity - consumption

17.62 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 71

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 214

Electricity - from fossil fuels

47.4% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 160

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

52.6% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 40

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 117

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 187

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 205

Electricity - installed generating capacity

9.5 million kW (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 59

Electricity - production

21.04 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 72

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 159

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 127

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 212

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 148

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2013 es) country comparison to the world: 154

Refined petroleum products - consumption

15,070 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 143

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 187

Refined petroleum products - imports

5,787 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 146

Refined petroleum products - production

6,965 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 107

Area

total: 120,538 sq km country comparison to the world: 99 land: 120,408 sq km water: 130 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Mississippi

Climate

temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer

Coastline

2,495 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m highest point: Paektu-san 2,744 m

Environment - current issues

water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; waterborne disease; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation

Environment - international agreements

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 8.66 cu km/yr (10%/13%/76%) per capita: 360.6 cu m/yr (2005)

Geographic coordinates

40 00 N, 127 00 E

Geography - note

strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia; mountainous interior is isolated and sparsely populated

Irrigated land

14,600 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

total: 1,671.5 km border countries: China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 17.5 km

Land use

arable land: 19.08% permanent crops: 1.7% other: 79.22% (2011)

Location

Eastern Asia, northern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the Korea Bay and the Sea of Japan, between China and South Korea

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm note: military boundary line 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the Yellow Sea where all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned

Natural hazards

late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding; occasional typhoons during the early fall volcanism: Changbaishan (elev. 2,744 m) (also known as Baitoushan, Baegdu or P'aektu-san), on the Chinese border, is considered historically active

Natural resources

coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower

Terrain

mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains wide in west, discontinuous in east

Total renewable water resources

77.15 cu km (2011)

Administrative divisions

9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities (si, singular and plural) provinces: Chagang-do (Chagang), Hamgyong-bukto (North Hamgyong), Hamgyong-namdo (South Hamgyong), Hwanghae-bukto (North Hwanghae), Hwanghae-namdo (South Hwanghae), Kangwon-do (Kangwon), P'yongan-bukto (North P'yongan), P'yongan-namdo (South P'yongan), Yanggang-do (Yanggang) municipalities: Nason-si, P'yongyang-si (Pyongyang)

Capital

name: Pyongyang geographic coordinates: 39 01 N, 125 45 E time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

previous 1948, 1972 (revised several times); latest adopted 1998 (during KIM Jong Il era); revised 2009, 2012 (2012)

Country name

conventional long form: Democratic People's Republic of Korea conventional short form: North Korea local long form: Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk local short form: Choson abbreviation: DPRK

Diplomatic representation from the US

none; note - Swedish Embassy in Pyongyang represents the US as consular protecting power

Diplomatic representation in the US

none; North Korea has a Permanent Mission to the UN in New York

Executive branch

chief of state: KIM Jong Un (since 17 December 2011); note - the rubberstamp Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) reelected KIM Yong Nam in 2009 president of its Presidium with responsibility of representing state and receiving diplomatic credentials head of government: Premier PAK Pong-ju (since 2 April 2013); Vice Premiers: HAN Kwang Bok (since 7 June 2010), JO Pyong Ju (since 7 June 2010), JON Ha Chol (since 7 June 2010), KANG Nung Su (since 7 June 2010), KANG Sok Ju (since 23 September 2010), KIM In Sik (since 13 April 2012), KIM Rak Hui (since 7 June 2010), KIM Yong Jin (since 6 January 2012), PAK Su Gil (since 18 September 2009), RI Chol Man (since 13 April 2012), RI Mu Yong (since 31 May 2011), RI Sung Ho (since 13 April 2012), RO Tu Chol (since 3 September 2003) cabinet: Naegak (cabinet) members, except for Minister of People's Armed Forces, are appointed by SPA (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: last election held in April 2012; date of next election NA election results: KIM Jong Un elected unopposed

Flag description

three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star; the broad red band symbolizes revolutionary traditions; the narrow white bands stands for purity, strength, and dignity; the blue bands signify sovereignty, peace, and friendship; the red star represents socialism

Government type

Communist state one-man dictatorship

Independence

15 August 1945 (from Japan)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ARF, FAO, G-77, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court or Central Court (consists of the chief justice and two "People's Assessors" and for some cases, 3 judges) judge selection and term of office: judges elected by the Supreme People's Assembly for 5-year terms subordinate courts: provincial, municipal, military, special courts; people' courts (lowest level)

Legal system

civil law system based on the Prussian model; system influenced by Japanese traditions and Communist legal theory

Legislative branch

unicameral Supreme People's Assembly or Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui (687 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held on 8 March 2009 (next to be held in March 2014) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; ruling party approves a list of candidates who are elected without opposition; a token number of seats are reserved for minor parties

National anthem

name: "Aegukka" (Patriotic Song) lyrics/music: PAK Se Yong/KIM Won Gyun note: adopted 1947; both North Korea and South Korea's anthems share the same name and have a vaguely similar melody but have different lyrics; the North Korean anthem is also known as "Ach'imun pinnara" (Let Morning Shine)

National holiday

Founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), 9 September (1948)

National symbol(s)

red star

Political parties and leaders

major party: Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Jong Un] minor parties: Chondoist Chongu Party [RYU Mi Yong] (under KWP control) Social Democratic Party [KIM Yong Dae] (under KWP control)

Political pressure groups and leaders

none

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal

Background

An independent kingdom for much of its long history, Korea was occupied by Japan beginning in 1905 following the Russo-Japanese War. Five years later, Japan formally annexed the entire peninsula. Following World War II, Korea was split with the northern half coming under Soviet-sponsored communist control. After failing in the Korean War (1950-53) to conquer the US-backed Republic of Korea (ROK) in the southern portion by force, North Korea (DPRK), under its founder President KIM Il Sung, adopted a policy of ostensible diplomatic and economic "self-reliance" as a check against outside influence. The DPRK demonized the US as the ultimate threat to its social system through state-funded propaganda, and molded political, economic, and military policies around the core ideological objective of eventual unification of Korea under Pyongyang's control. KIM Il Sung's son, KIM Jong Il, was officially designated as his father's successor in 1980, assuming a growing political and managerial role until the elder KIM's death in 1994. KIM Jong Un was publicly unveiled as his father's successor in September 2010. Following KIM Jong Il's death in December 2011, the regime began to take actions to transfer power to KIM Jong Un and KIM has now assumed many his father's former titles and duties. After decades of economic mismanagement and resource misallocation, the DPRK since the mid-1990s has relied heavily on international aid to feed its population. The DPRK began to ease restrictions to allow semi-private markets, starting in 2002, but then sought to roll back the scale of economic reforms in 2005 and 2009. North Korea's history of regional military provocations; proliferation of military-related items; long-range missile development; WMD programs including tests of nuclear devices in 2006, 2009, and 2013; and massive conventional armed forces are of major concern to the international community.

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 6,515,279 females age 16-49: 6,418,693 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 4,836,567 females age 16-49: 5,230,137 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 207,737 female: 204,553 (2010 est.)

Military branches

North Korean People's Army: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force; civil security forces (2005)

Military expenditures

NA

Military service age and obligation

18 is presumed to be the legal minimum age for compulsory military service; 16-17 is the presumed legal minimum age for voluntary service (2012)

Age structure

0-14 years: 21.7% (male 2,726,275/female 2,650,143) 15-24 years: 16.4% (male 2,059,388/female 2,005,987) 25-54 years: 43.8% (male 5,411,221/female 5,415,744) 55-64 years: 8.5% (male 988,922/female 1,108,156) 65 years and over: 9.5% (male 798,363/female 1,556,208) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

14.49 births/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 138

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

20.6% (2004) country comparison to the world: 31

Contraceptive prevalence rate

68.6% (2002)

Death rate

9.15 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 65

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 45.2 % youth dependency ratio: 31.5 % elderly dependency ratio: 13.7 % potential support ratio: 7.3 (2013)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 99% of population rural: 97% of population total: 98% of population unimproved: urban: 1% of population rural: 3% of population total: 2% of population (2010 est.)

Education expenditures

NA

Ethnic groups

racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese community and a few ethnic Japanese

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Hospital bed density

13.2 beds/1,000 population (2002)

Infant mortality rate

total: 25.34 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 76 male: 28.1 deaths/1,000 live births female: 22.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

Languages

Korean

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 69.51 years country comparison to the world: 155 male: 65.65 years female: 73.55 years (2013 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% (2008 est.)

Major urban areas - population

PYONGYANG (capital) 2.843 million (2011)

Maternal mortality rate

81 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 83

Median age

total: 33.2 years male: 31.6 years female: 34.8 years (2013 est.)

Nationality

noun: Korean(s) adjective: Korean

Net migration rate

-0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 111

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

3.9% (2008) country comparison to the world: 173

Physicians density

3.29 physicians/1,000 population (2003)

Population

24,720,407 (July 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 50

Population growth rate

0.53% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 149

Religions

traditionally Buddhist and Confucianist, some Christian and syncretic Chondogyo (Religion of the Heavenly Way) note: autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 86% of population rural: 71% of population total: 80% of population unimproved: urban: 14% of population rural: 29% of population total: 20% of population (2010 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.51 male(s)/female total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.99 children born/woman (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 131

Urbanization

urban population: 60.3% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 0.63% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

risking arrest, imprisonment, and deportation, tens of thousands of North Koreans cross into China to escape famine, economic privation, and political oppression; North Korea and China dispute the sovereignty of certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers; Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km-wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic incidents in the Yellow Sea with South Korea which claims the Northern Limiting Line as a maritime boundary; North Korea supports South Korea in rejecting Japan's claim to Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima)

Illicit drugs

for years, from the 1970s into the 2000s, citizens of the Democratic People's Republic of (North) Korea (DPRK), many of them diplomatic employees of the government, were apprehended abroad while trafficking in narcotics, including two in Turkey in December 2004; police investigations in Taiwan and Japan in recent years have linked North Korea to large illicit shipments of heroin and methamphetamine, including an attempt by the North Korean merchant ship Pong Su to deliver 150 kg of heroin to Australia in April 2003

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs: undetermined (periodic flooding and famine during mid-1990s) (2007)

Trafficking in persons

current situation: North Korea is a source country for men, women, and children who are subjected to forced labor, forced marriage, and sex trafficking; in the recent past, many North Korean women and girls lured by promises of food, jobs, and freedom migrated to China illegally to escape poor social and economic conditions only to be forced into prostitution, marriage, or exploitative labor arrangements; North Koreans do not have a choice in the work the government assigns them and are not free to change jobs at will; many North Korean workers recruited to work abroad under bilateral contracts with foreign governments are subjected to forced labor and reportedly face government reprisals if they try to escape or complain to outsiders; thousands of North Koreans, including children, are subjected to forced labor in prison camps tier rating: Tier 3 - North Korea does not fully comply with minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government has conducted no known investigations, prosecutions, or convictions of trafficking offenders or officials complicit in forced labor or forced prostitution; the government also has reported no efforts to identify or assist trafficking victims and continues to deny human trafficking is a problem; authorities provide no discernible protection services to trafficking victims and does not permit NGOs to assist victims (2013)

Airports

82 (2013) country comparison to the world: 67

Airports - with paved runways

total: 39 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 22 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 4 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 43 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 8 (2013)

Heliports

23 (2013)

Merchant marine

total: 158 country comparison to the world: 37 by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 131, carrier 1, chemical tanker 1, container 4, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 12, refrigerated cargo 2 foreign-owned: 13 (Belgium 1, China 3, Nigeria 1, Singapore 1, South Korea 1, Syria 4, UAE 2) registered in other countries: 6 (Mongolia 1, Sierra Leone 2, unknown 3) (2010)

Pipelines

oil 6 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam (Hamhung), Namp'o, Senbong, Songnim, Sonbong (formerly Unggi), Wonsan

Railways

total: 5,242 km country comparison to the world: 33 standard gauge: 5,242 km 1.435-m gauge (3,500 km electrified) (2009)

Roadways

total: 25,554 km country comparison to the world: 100 paved: 724 km unpaved: 24,830 km (2006)

Waterways

2,250 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2011) country comparison to the world: 38