Liechtenstein

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

44 (Liechtenstein and Switzerland) (2000)

Internet country code

.li

Internet users

NA

Radio broadcast stations

AM 0, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios

21,000 (1997)

Telephone system

general assessment: automatic telephone system domestic: NA international: linked to Swiss networks by cable and microwave radio relay

Telephones - main lines in use

20,072 (2000)

Telephones - mobile cellular

NA

Television broadcast stations

NA (linked to Swiss networks) (1997)

Televisions

12,000 (1997)

Agriculture - products

wheat, barley, corn, potatoes; livestock, dairy products

Budget

revenues: $424.2 million expenditures: $414.1 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)

Currency

Swiss franc (CHF)

Currency code

CHF

Debt - external

$0 (1996) (2001)

Economic aid - recipient

none

Economy - overview

Despite its small size and limited natural resources, Liechtenstein has developed into a prosperous, highly industrialized, free-enterprise economy with a vital financial service sector and living standards on a par with the urban areas of its large European neighbors. The Liechtenstein economy is widely diversified with a large number of small businesses. Low business taxes - the maximum tax rate is 20% - and easy incorporation rules have induced a large number of holding or so-called letter box companies to establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein, providing 30% of state revenues. The country participates in a customs union with Switzerland and uses the Swiss franc as its national currency. It imports more than 90% of its energy requirements. Liechtenstein has been a member of the European Economic Area (an organization serving as a bridge between European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and EU) since May 1995. The government is working to harmonize its economic policies with those of an integrated Europe.

Electricity - consumption

313.45 million kWh NA kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports

NA kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports

232.847 million kWh NA kWh (2001)

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel: NA% other: NA% 2% (2001) hydro: NA% 98% nuclear: NA%

Exchange rates

Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.6668 (January 2002), 1.6876 (2001), 1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997)

Exports

$2.47 billion (1996)

Exports - commodities

small specialty machinery, connectors for audio and video, parts for motor vehicles, dental products, hardware, prepared foodstuffs, electronic equipment, optical products

Exports - partners

EU 62.6% (Germany 24.3%, Austria 9.5%, France 8.9%, Italy 6.6%, UK 4.6%), US 18.9%, Switzerland 15.7%

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP

purchasing power parity - $730 million (1998 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: NA% industry: NA% 40% services: NA% (1999)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $23,000 (1998 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Imports

$917.3 million (1996)

Imports - commodities

agricultural products, raw materials, machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles

Imports - partners

EU countries, Switzerland

Industrial production growth rate

NA%

Industries

electronics, metal manufacturing, dental products, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments, tourism, optical instruments

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1% (2001)

Labor force

28,783 of which 13,847 are foreigners; 8,231 commute from Austria and Switzerland to work each day

Labor force - by occupation

industry, trade, and building 48%, services 51%, agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 1% (37256 est.)

Population below poverty line

NA%

Unemployment rate

1.3% (1999)

Area

total: 160 sq km water: 0 sq km land: 160 sq km

Area - comparative

about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC

Climate

continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers

Coastline

0 km (doubly landlocked)

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Ruggeller Riet 430 m highest point: Grauspitz 2,599 m

Environment - current issues

NA

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea

Geographic coordinates

47 16 N, 9 32 E

Geography - note

along with Uzbekistan, one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world; variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation

Irrigated land

NA sq km

Land boundaries

total: 76 km border countries: Austria 34.9 km, Switzerland 41.1 km

Land use

arable land: 25% permanent crops: 0% other: 75% (1998 est.)

Location

Central Europe, between Austria and Switzerland

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

NA

Natural resources

hydroelectric potential, arable land

Terrain

mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third

Administrative divisions

11 communes (Gemeinden, singular - Gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz

Capital

Vaduz

Constitution

5 October 1921

Country name

conventional long form: Principality of Liechtenstein conventional short form: Liechtenstein local short form: Liechtenstein local long form: Fuerstentum Liechtenstein

Diplomatic representation from the US

the US does not have an embassy in Liechtenstein, but the US Ambassador to Switzerland is also accredited to Liechtenstein

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Claudia FRITSCHE chancery: 1300 Eye Street NW, Suite 550W, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: [1] (202) 216-0460 FAX: [1] (202) 216-0459

Executive branch

chief of state: Prince HANS ADAM II (since 13 November 1989, assumed executive powers 26 August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS, son of the monarch (born 11 June 1968) elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party in the Diet is usually appointed the head of government by the monarch and the leader of the largest minority party in the Diet is usually appointed the deputy head of government by the monarch cabinet: Cabinet elected by the Parliament, confirmed by the monarch head of government: Head of Government Otmar HASLER (since 5 April 2001) and Deputy Head of Government Rita KIEBER-BECK (since 5 April 2001)

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band

Government type

hereditary constitutional monarchy on a democratic and parliamentary basis

Independence

23 January 1719 Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein established; 12 July 1806 established independence from the Holy Roman Empire

International organization participation

CE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, IAEA, ICRM, IFRCS, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WIPO, WTrO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Oberster Gerichtshof; Court of Appeal or Obergericht

Legal system

local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Legislative branch

unicameral Parliament or Landtag (25 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote under proportional representation to serve four-year terms) election results: percent of vote by party - FBP 49.90%, VU 41.35%, FL 8.71%; seats by party - FBP 13, VU 11, FL 1 elections: last held 11 February 2001 (next to be held by NA 2005)

National holiday

Assumption Day, 15 August

Political parties and leaders

Fatherland Union or VU [Dr. Heinz FROMMELT]; Progressive Citizens' Party or FBP [Johannes MATT]; The Free List or FL [Dr. Pepo FRICK, Karin JENNY, Rene HASLER]

Political pressure groups and leaders

NA

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

The Principality of Liechtenstein was established within the Holy Roman Empire in 1719; it became a sovereign state in 1806. Until the end of World War I, it was closely tied to Austria, but the economic devastation caused by that conflict forced Liechtenstein to conclude a customs and monetary union with Switzerland. Since World War II (in which Liechtenstein remained neutral) the country's low taxes have spurred outstanding economic growth. However, shortcomings in banking regulatory oversight have resulted in concerns about the use of the financial institutions for money laundering.

Military - note

defense is the responsibility of Switzerland

Age structure

0-14 years: 18.3% (male 3,003; female 3,001) 15-64 years: 70.5% (male 11,530; female 11,639) 65 years and over: 11.2% (male 1,494; female 2,175) (2002 est.)

Birth rate

11.24 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Death rate

6.76 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Ethnic groups

Alemannic 86%, Italian, Turkish, and other 14%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA%

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Infant mortality rate

4.92 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)

Languages

German (official), Alemannic dialect

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 79.1 years female: 82.74 years (2002 est.) male: 75.47 years

Literacy

definition: age 10 and over can read and write total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% (1981 est.)

Nationality

noun: Liechtensteiner(s) adjective: Liechtenstein

Net migration rate

4.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Population

32,842 (July 2002 est.)

Population growth rate

0.94% (2002 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 76.2%, Protestant 7%, unknown 10.6%, other 6.2% (June 2002)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.01 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2002 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.5 children born/woman (2002 est.)

Disputes - international

Liechtenstein's royal family claims restitution for 1,600 sq km of land in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1918

Illicit drugs

multilateral organizations engaged in issuing international guidelines for financial sector oversight found gaps in Liechtenstein's financial services controls that made it vulnerable to money laundering, but Liechtenstein has become less attractive as a haven for illicit funds, based on implementation in 2001 of new anti-money-laundering legislation and improved mutual legal assistance cooperation with other countries

Airports

none (2001)

Highways

total: 250 km paved: 250 km unpaved: 0 km

Ports and harbors

none

Railways

total: 18.5 km standard gauge: 18.5 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified) note: owned, operated, and included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways (2001)

Waterways

none