Macau

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 208,000 (2020 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media

local government dominates broadcast media; 2 television stations operated by the government with one broadcasting in Portuguese and the other in Cantonese and Mandarin; 1 cable TV and 4 satellite TV services available; 3 radio stations broadcasting, of which 2 are government-operated (2019)

Internet country code

.mo

Internet users

total: 607,200 (2021 est.) percent of population: 88% (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

general assessment: Macau s economy and GDP have been on a roller coaster ride since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020; the Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China is heavily dependent on tourists coming from the mainland and Hong Kong to play in Macau s many casinos, but the ensuing lock downs contributed to a dramatic fall in visitor numbers as well as income; this too, has had a major effect on the telecom sector (particularly in the mobile segment) with short-stay visitors as well as foreign workers on temporary-stay visas being forced to stay away.; total mobile subscription numbers are estimated to have dropped from a high of 2.8 million in 2019 (representing a whopping 442% penetration rate in a region with a population of just 700,000) to less than half that by the end of 2021: 1.3 million subscribers; Macau had almost the highest mobile penetration rate in the world; it is now sitting at a more reasonable level of 200%; a significant bounce back can be expected to follow the easing of travel restrictions, although perhaps not up to the same lofty heights achieved in 2019; asecond factor behind the steep fall in 2020 was the introduction of a Cyber Security Law that required all prepaid SIM cards to become registered or face being deactivated in October 2020; the combined effect of the pandemic and the new restrictions meant that prepaid subscriber numbers fell by more than 80%; postpaid accounts, largely the domain of Macau s permanent residents, were barely affected by the external upheaval; they continued to increase in number, year-on-year, and provided better returns to the operators thanks to substantially increased data usage during the lock downs; the mobile broadband market has experienced the same dramatic fluctuations as the broader mobile segment over the last two years, at least in terms of subscriber numbers; but this is largely because mobile broadband uptake is inextricably tied to the base mobile offering in Macau; with total mobile broadband data traffic going up, not down, between 2019 and 2021, that again points to the strength of the contract segment helping to drive future growth in Macau s telecom sector (2022) domestic: fixed-line nearly 16 per 100 and mobile-cellular roughly 410 per 100 persons (2021) international: country code - 853; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Africa, Australia, the Middle East, and Europe; HF radiotelephone communication facility; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 92,000 (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 13 (2022 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 1.213 million (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 175 (2022 est.)

Agricultural products

pork, chicken, beef, eggs, pork offal, pork fat, pepper, beef offal, cattle hides, goose meat (2022) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Budget

revenues: $5.135 billion (2022 est.) expenditures: $12.259 billion (2022 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Credit ratings

Fitch rating: AA (2018) Moody's rating: Aa3 (2016) note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Current account balance

$2.782 billion (2022 est.) $2.683 billion (2021 est.) $3.635 billion (2020 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Economic overview

high-income, Chinese special administrative region economy; known for apparel exports and gambling tourism; currency pegged to Hong Kong dollar; significant recession due to 2015 Chinese anticorruption campaign; COVID-19 further halved economic activity

Exchange rates

patacas (MOP) per US dollar - 8.063 (2023 est.) 8.065 (2022 est.) 8.006 (2021 est.) 7.989 (2020 est.) 8.07 (2019 est.)

Exports

$20.985 billion (2022 est.) $28.163 billion (2021 est.) $15.578 billion (2020 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities

jewelry, garments, broadcasting equipment, precious metal watches, trunks and cases (2022) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

Hong Kong 65%, China 8%, US 7%, Switzerland 3%, Israel 2% (2022) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

GDP (official exchange rate)

$47.062 billion (2023 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 29% (2023 est.) government consumption: 13.7% (2023 est.) investment in fixed capital: 13.5% (2023 est.) investment in inventories: 0.4% (2023 est.) exports of goods and services: 92.7% (2023 est.) imports of goods and services: -49.3% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

industry: 9.5% (2022 est.) services: 90.1% (2022 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Imports

$21.795 billion (2022 est.) $23.769 billion (2021 est.) $15.214 billion (2020 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities

jewelry, garments, electricity, broadcasting equipment, trunks and cases (2022) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners

China 39%, Hong Kong 25%, France 5%, Italy 4%, US 3% (2022) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industrial production growth rate

-5.63% (2022 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

tourism, gambling, clothing, textiles, electronics, footwear, toys

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.05% (2022 est.) 0.03% (2021 est.) 0.81% (2020 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force

407,000 (2023 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Public debt

0% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$71.837 billion (2023 est.) $39.791 billion (2022 est.) $50.626 billion (2021 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate

80.53% (2023 est.) -21.4% (2022 est.) 23.54% (2021 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita

$102,000 (2023 est.) $57,200 (2022 est.) $73,700 (2021 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

Remittances

0.19% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.34% of GDP (2022 est.) 0.24% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$27.771 billion (2023 est.) $25.971 billion (2022 est.) $26.665 billion (2021 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Taxes and other revenues

17.07% (of GDP) (2022 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Unemployment rate

2.25% (2023 est.) 2.48% (2022 est.) 2.25% (2021 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 7% (2023 est.) male: 9% (2023 est.) female: 5.3% (2023 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Carbon dioxide emissions

1.746 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 1.511 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from consumed natural gas: 236,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Coal

imports: (2022 est.) less than 1 metric ton

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 437,000 kW (2022 est.) consumption: 5.581 billion kWh (2022 est.) imports: 5.238 billion kWh (2022 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 150.268 million kWh (2022 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 58.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) biomass and waste: 41.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

69.034 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

Natural gas

consumption: 120.337 million cubic meters (2022 est.) imports: 117.085 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption: 12,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions: 2.07 megatons (2016 est.)

Climate

subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers

Environment - current issues

air pollution; coastal waters pollution; insufficient policies in reducing and recycling solid wastes; increasing population density worsening noise pollution

Land use

agricultural land: 0% (2018 est.) other: 100% (2018 est.)

Revenue from coal

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 100% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 377,942 tons (2016 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 75,588 tons (2014 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 20% (2014 est.)

Area

total : 28 sq km land: 28.2 sq km water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative

less than one-sixth the size of Washington, DC

Climate

subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers

Coastline

41 km

Elevation

highest point: Alto Coloane 172 m lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

Geographic coordinates

22 10 N, 113 33 E

Geography - note

essentially urban; an area of land reclaimed from the sea measuring 5.2 sq km and known as Cotai now connects the islands of Coloane and Taipa; the island area is connected to the mainland peninsula by three bridges

Irrigated land

0 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

total: 3 km regional borders (1): China 3 km

Land use

agricultural land: 0% (2018 est.) other: 100% (2018 est.)

Location

Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

not specified

Natural hazards

typhoons

Natural resources

NEGL

Population distribution

population fairly equally distributed

Terrain

generally flat

Administrative divisions

none (special administrative region of the People's Republic of China)

Citizenship

see China

Constitution

history: previous 1976 (Organic Statute of Macau, under Portuguese authority); latest adopted 31 March 1993, effective 20 December 1999 (Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China serves as Macau's constitution) amendments: proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People s Congress (NPC), the People s Republic of China State Council, and the Macau Special Administrative Region; submittal of proposals to the NPC requires two-thirds majority vote by the Legislative Assembly of Macau, approval by two thirds of Macau's deputies to the NPC, and consent of the Macau chief executive; final passage requires approval by the NPC; amended 2005, 2012

Country name

conventional long form: Macau Special Administrative Region conventional short form: Macau official long form: Aomen Tebie Xingzhengqu (Chinese)/ Regiao Administrativa Especial de Macau (Portuguese) official short form: Aomen (Chinese)/ Macau (Portuguese) etymology: name is thought to derive from the A-Ma Temple - built in 1488 and dedicated to Mazu, the goddess of seafarers and fishermen - which is referred to locally as "Maa Gok" - and in Portuguese became "Macau"; the Chinese name Aomen means "inlet gates"

Dependency status

special administrative region of the People's Republic of China

Diplomatic representation from the US

embassy: the US has no offices in Macau; US Consulate General in Hong Kong is accredited to Macau

Diplomatic representation in the US

none (Special Administrative Region of China)

Executive branch

chief of state: President of China XI Jinping (since 14 March 2013) head of government: Chief Executive HO lat Seng (since 20 December 2019) cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the chief executive elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 March 2023 (next to be held in March 2028); chief executive chosen by a 400-member Election Committee for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 13 October 2024 (next to be held in 2029) election results: 2024: Sam Hou FAI (unopposed; received 394 out of 400 votes) 2019: HO lat Seng (unopposed; received 392 out of 400 votes)

Flag description

green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large in the center of the arc and two smaller on either side; the lotus is the floral emblem of Macau, the three petals represent the peninsula and two islands that make up Macau; the five stars echo those on the flag of China

Government type

executive-led limited democracy; a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China

Independence

none (special administrative region of China)

International organization participation

ICC (national committees), IHO, IMF, IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), ISO (correspondent), UNESCO (associate), UNWTO (associate), UPU, WCO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Court of Final Appeal of Macau Special Administrative Region (consists of the court president and 2 associate justices) judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the Macau chief executive upon the recommendation of an independent commission of judges, lawyers, and "eminent" persons; judge tenure NA subordinate courts: Court of Second Instance; Court of First instance; Lower Court; Administrative Court

Legal system

civil law system based on the Portuguese model

Legislative branch

description: unicameral Legislative Assembly or Regiao Administrativa Especial de Macau (33 seats; 14 members directly elected by proportional representation vote, 12 indirectly elected by an electoral college of professional and commercial interest groups, and 7 appointed by the chief executive; members serve 4-year terms) elections: last held on 12 September 2021 (next to be held in September 2025) election results: percent of vote - ACUM 20.1%, UPD 18%, NE 13.8%, UMG 12.7%, UPP 11.4%, ABL 10.8%, PS 6.6%, other 6.6%; seats by political group - ACUM 3, UPD 2, UGM 2, UPP 2, ABL 2, NE 2, PS 1; composition - men NA, women NA, percentage women NA%

National anthem

note: as a Special Administrative Region of China, "Yiyongjun Jinxingqu" is the official anthem (see China)

National holiday

National Day (anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 20 December (1999) is celebrated as Macau Special Administrative Region Establishment Day

National symbol(s)

lotus blossom; national colors: green, white, yellow

Political parties

Alliance for a Happy Home or ABL Association of Synergy of Macau ("Synergy Power" or Poder da Singeria) or PS Macau-Guangdong Union or UGM New Hope or NE Union for Development or UPD Union for Promoting Progress or UPP or UNIPRO United Citizens Association of Macau or ACUM note: there is no political party ordinance, so there are no registered political parties; politically active groups register as societies or companies

Suffrage

18 years of age in direct elections for some legislative positions, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past 7 years; note - indirect elections are limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters" and an election committee for the chief executive drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, central government bodies, and elected Macau officials

Background

Portuguese ships began arriving in 1513. In the 1550s, Portuguese paying tribute to China settled in Macau, which became the official entrep t for all international trade with China and Japan and the first European settlement in the Far East. The first governor was appointed in the 17th century, but the Portuguese remained largely under the control of the Chinese. In the 1930s and 40s Macau was declared a neutral territory during the Sino-Japanese War and World War II and became a refuge for both Chinese and Europeans. Portugal officially made Macau an overseas province in 1951. In April 1987, Portugal and China reached an agreement to return Macau to Chinese rule in 1999, using the Hong Kong Joint Declaration between China and the UK as a model. In this agreement, China promised that, under its "one country, two systems" formula, China's political and economic system would not be imposed on Macau, and that Macau would enjoy a "high degree of autonomy" in all matters except foreign affairs and defense for the next 50 years. However, after China's multi-year crackdown against the pro-democracy movement in nearby Hong Kong, the governments of China and the Macau Special Administrative Region worked to limit Macau's political autonomy by suppressing opposition activity in the 2021 legislative elections.

Military - note

defense is the responsibility of China; the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) maintains a garrison in Macau

Military and security forces

no regular indigenous military forces; Macau Public Security Police Force (includes the Police Intervention Tactical Unit or UTIP for counterterrorism operations)

Age structure

0-14 years: 14.4% (male 47,346/female 45,216) 15-64 years: 69.9% (male 210,059/female 240,577) 65 years and over: 15.7% (2024 est.) (male 47,583/female 53,645)

Birth rate

8.6 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

NA

Contraceptive prevalence rate

NA

Current health expenditure

NA

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

53.5% (2023 est.)

Death rate

4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 36.9 youth dependency ratio: 20 elderly dependency ratio: 16.9 potential support ratio: 5.9 (2021 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: NA total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: NA total: 0% of population (2020)

Education expenditures

6.3% of GDP (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Chinese 89.4%, Chinese and Portuguese 1%, Portuguese 0.8%, Chinese and non-Portuguese 0.2%, Portuguese and others 0.2%, other 8.5% (2021 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.6 (2024 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 4.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.) male: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Cantonese 81%, Mandarin 4.7%, other Chinese dialects 5.4%, English 3.6%, Tagalog 2.9%, Portuguese 0.6%, other 1.8% (2021 est.) major-language sample(s): 世界概况, 必須擁有的基本資料参考书 (Cantonese) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. note: Chinese and Portuguese are official languages; Macanese or Patua, a Portuguese-based Creole, is also spoken

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 85.3 years (2024 est.) male: 82.5 years female: 88.3 years

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.1% male: 98.5% female: 95.9% (2021)

Major urban areas - population

682,000 Macau (2023)

Median age

total: 42.5 years (2024 est.) male: 41.5 years female: 43.1 years

Nationality

noun: Chinese adjective: Chinese

Net migration rate

3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Physician density

NA

Population

total: 644,426 male: 304,988 female: 339,438 (2024 est.)

Population distribution

population fairly equally distributed

Population growth rate

0.67% (2024 est.)

Religions

folk religion 58.9%, Buddhist 17.3%, Christian 7.2%, other 1.2%, none 15.4% (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 18 years male: 17 years female: 19 years (2021)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.87 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female total population: 0.9 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.24 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 100% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Illicit drugs

Asian organized crime groups involved in drug trafficking and money laundering

Trafficking in persons

tier rating: Tier 3 Macau does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Macau remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/macau/

Airports

1 (2024)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

B-M

Heliports

4 (2024)

Merchant marine

total: 5 (2023) by type: other 5

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020) (registered in China) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 21 (registered in China) annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 3,157,724 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 31.84 million (2018) mt-km

Ports

total ports: 1 (2024) large: 0 medium: 1 small: 0 very small: 0 ports with oil terminals: 1 key ports: Macau

Roadways

total: 428 km paved: 428 km (2017)