Mali

Broadcast media

national public TV broadcaster; 2 privately owned companies provide subscription services to foreign multi-channel TV packages; national public radio broadcaster supplemented by a large number of privately owned and community broadcast stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)

Internet country code

.ml

Internet hosts

437 (2012) country comparison to the world: 186

Internet users

249,800 (2009) country comparison to the world: 135

Telephone system

general assessment: domestic system unreliable but improving; increasing use of local radio loops to extend network coverage to remote areas domestic: fixed-line subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has increased sharply to about 70 per 100 persons international: country code - 223; satellite communications center and fiber-optic links to neighboring countries; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean) (2010)

Telephones - main lines in use

112,000 (2012) country comparison to the world: 142

Telephones - mobile cellular

14.613 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 59

Agriculture - products

cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats

Budget

revenues: $2.868 billion expenditures: $2.948 billion (2013 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-0.7% of GDP (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 60

Central bank discount rate

16% (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 85 4.25% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

9.3% (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 94 9.3% (31 December 2012 est.)

Current account balance

-$918 million (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 117 -$737.5 million (2012 est.)

Debt - external

$3.349 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 132 $3.041 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

40.1 (2001) country comparison to the world: 58 50.5 (1994)

Economy - overview

Among the 25 poorest countries in the world, Mali is a landlocked country that depends on gold mining and agricultural exports for revenue. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger River and about 65% of its land area is desert or semidesert. About 10% of the population is nomadic and about 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Mali remains dependent on foreign aid. The country's fiscal status fluctuates with gold and agricultural commodity prices and the harvest; cotton and gold exports make up around 80% of export earnings. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. Mali is developing its iron ore extraction industry to diversify foreign exchange earnings away from gold. Mali has invested in tourism but security issues hurt the industry. Mali experienced economic growth of about 5% per year between 1996-2011, but the global recession, a military coup, and terrorist activity in the north of the country caused a decline in output in 2012; growth resumed at a slow pace in 2013. The main threat to Mali’s economy is a return to physical insecurity. Other long term threats to the economy include high population growth, corruption, a weak infrastructure, and low levels of human capital.

Exchange rates

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 500.7 (2013 est.) 510.53 (2012 est.) 495.28 (2010 est.) 472.19 (2009) 447.81 (2008)

Exports

$2.577 billion (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 135 $2.756 billion (2012 est.)

Exports - commodities

cotton, gold, livestock

Exports - partners

China 52.9%, Malaysia 11%, Indonesia 5.3%, India 4.1% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$11.37 billion (2013 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$18.9 billion (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 138 $18.03 billion (2012 est.) $18.25 billion (2011 est.) note: data are in 2013 US dollars

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 68.8% government consumption: 18.6% investment in fixed capital: 23.5% investment in inventories: 0.6% exports of goods and services: 22.5% imports of goods and services: -34% (2013 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 38.5% industry: 24.4% services: 37% (2013 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$1,100 (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 216 $1,100 (2012 est.) $1,200 (2011 est.) note: data are in 2013 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

4.8% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 61 -1.2% (2012 est.) 2.7% (2011 est.)

Gross national saving

15.8% of GDP (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 105 21.6% of GDP (2012 est.) 12.1% of GDP (2011 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 25.8% (2010 est.)

Imports

$2.895 billion (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 150 $2.794 billion (2012 est.)

Imports - commodities

petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners

France 11.2%, Senegal 9.9%, Cote dIvoire 8.7%, China 8.6% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

7% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 33

Industries

food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

0.1% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 8 5.4% (2012 est.)

Labor force

3.241 million (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 101

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 80% industry and services: 20% (2005 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

36.1% (2005 est.)

Public debt

30.5% of GDP (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 122 27.5% of GDP (2012 est.)

Stock of broad money

$3.942 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 139 $3.446 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$NA (31 December 2013 est.) $848.2 million (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$2.75 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 97 $2.545 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$2.234 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 130 $2.102 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$2.848 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 116 $2.583 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

25.2% of GDP (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 123

Unemployment rate

30% (2004 est.) country comparison to the world: 183

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

742,300 Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 153

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 92

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 196

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 164

Electricity - consumption

483.6 million kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 171

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 166

Electricity - from fossil fuels

48.4% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 159

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

51.6% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 42

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 138

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 202

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 170

Electricity - installed generating capacity

304,000 kW (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 151

Electricity - production

520 million kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 162

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 171

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 147

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 95

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 166

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 170

Refined petroleum products - consumption

4,994 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 169

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 198

Refined petroleum products - imports

4,698 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 156

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 173

Area

total: 1,240,192 sq km country comparison to the world: 24 land: 1,220,190 sq km water: 20,002 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Climate

subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Senegal River 23 m highest point: Hombori Tondo 1,155 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 6.55 cu km/yr (9%/1%/90%) per capita: 545.4 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates

17 00 N, 4 00 W

Geography - note

landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern, cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the northern, arid Saharan

Irrigated land

2,358 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

total: 7,243 km border countries: Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km

Land use

arable land: 5.53% permanent crops: 0.1% other: 94.37% (2011)

Location

interior Western Africa, southwest of Algeria, north of Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, and Burkina Faso, west of Niger

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding

Natural resources

gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum, granite, hydropower note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast

Total renewable water resources

100 cu km (2011)

Administrative divisions

8 regions (regions, singular - region), 1 district*; District de Bamako*, Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou (Timbuktu)

Capital

name: Bamako geographic coordinates: 12 39 N, 8 00 W time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest drafted August 1991, approved by referendum 12 January 1992, effective 25 February 1992; amended 1999; note - suspended briefly in 2012 (2012)

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Mali conventional short form: Mali local long form: Republique de Mali local short form: Mali former: French Sudan and Sudanese Republic

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Beth LEONARD (since 7 November 2011) embassy: located just off the Roi Bin Fahad Aziz Bridge just west of the Bamako central district mailing address: ACI 2000, Rue 243, Porte 297, Bamako telephone: [223] 2070-2300 FAX: [223] 2070-2479

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Al Maamoun Baba Lamine KEITA (since 8 January 2013) chancery: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950 FAX: [1] (202) 332-6603

Executive branch

chief of state: President Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (since 4 September 2013) head of government: Prime Minister Moussa MARA (since 9 April 2014) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); the election scheduled for 29 April 2012 and delayed following the March 2012 coup took place 28 July 2013 and a runoff election was held on 11 August 2013; prime minister appointed by the president election results: Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA elected president in a runoff election; percent of vote - Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA 77.6%, Soumaila CISSE 22.4%

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Senegal (which has an additional green central star) and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea

Government type

republic

Independence

22 September 1960 (from France)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 19 members organized into 3 civil chambers and a criminal chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court members appointed by the Ministry of Justice to serve 5-year terms; Constitutional Court members selected - 3 each by the president, the National Assembly, and the Supreme Council of the Magistracy; members serve single renewable 7-year terms subordinate courts: High Court of Justice (jurisdiction limited to cases of high treason or criminal offenses by the president or ministers while in office)

Legal system

civil law system based on the French civil law model and influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (160 seats: 147 seats elected in single seat constituencies and 13 seats elected by Malians abroad; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held in two rounds on 24 November 2013 and on 15 December 2013 (next to be held in 2017); note the scheduled July 2012 election was cancelled due to a coup d'etat and the Tuareg Rebellion election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FDR coalition 64 (RPM 61, PARENA 3), ADP coalition 42 (ADEMA 20, URD 18, CNID 4), FARE 5, CODEM 5, SADI 4, ASMA-CFP 4, Yelema 2, independents 16, other 5; note - 13 seats were from voters abroad

National anthem

name: "Le Mali" (Mali) lyrics/music: Seydou Badian KOUYATE/Banzoumana SISSOKO note: adopted 1962; the anthem is also known as "Pour L'Afrique et pour toi, Mali" (For Africa and for You, Mali) and "A ton appel Mali" (At Your Call, Mali)

National holiday

Independence Day, 22 September (1960)

Political parties and leaders

African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO, secretary general] Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Dionconda TRAORE] Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP (a coalition of political parties including ADEMA and URD formed in December 2006 to support the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE) Alliance for Democratic Change (political group comprised mainly of Tuareg from Mali's northern region) Alliance for the Solidarity of Mali-Convergence of Patriotic Forces or ASMA-CFP [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA] Alternative Forces for Renewal and Emergence or FARE [Modibo SIDIBE] Convergence for the development of Mali or CODEM [Housseyni GUINDO] Economic and Social Development Party or PDES [Jamille BITTAR] Front for Democracy and the Republic or FDR (a coalition of political parties including RPM and PARENA formed to oppose the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE) Movement for a Common Destiny or MODEC [Koniba SIDIBE] National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL] Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Mady KONATE] Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME] Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel Kokalla MAIGA] Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Amadou Ali NIANGADOU] Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA] Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE] Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Tieman Hubert COULIBALY] Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Younoussi TOURE] Yelema [Moussa Mara]

Political pressure groups and leaders

other: the army; Islamic authorities; state-run cotton company CMDT

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 by a military coup that ushered in a period of democratic rule. President Alpha KONARE won Mali's first two democratic presidential elections in 1992 and 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou Toumani TOURE, who was elected to a second term in 2007 elections that were widely judged to be free and fair. Malian returnees from Libya in 2011 exacerbated tensions in northern Mali, and Tuareg ethnic militias started a rebellion in January 2012. Low- and mid-level soldiers, frustrated with the poor handling of the rebellion overthrew TOURE on 22 March. Intensive mediation efforts led by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) returned power to a civilian administration in April with the appointment of interim President Dioncounda TRAORE. The post-coup chaos led to rebels expelling the Malian military from the three northern regions of the country and allowed Islamic militants to set up strongholds. Hundreds of thousands of northern Malians fled the violence to southern Mali and neighboring countries, exacerbating regional food insecurity in host communities. An international military intervention to retake the three northern regions began in January 2013 and within a month most of the north had been retaken. In a democratic presidential election conducted in July and August of 2013, Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA was elected president in the second round.

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 2,848,412 females age 16-49: 2,981,106 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 1,825,779 females age 16-49: 1,968,563 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 158,031 female: 159,733 (2010 est.)

Military branches

Malian Armed Forces: Army (Armee de Terre), Republic of Mali Air Force (Force Aerienne de la Republique du Mali, FARM), National Guard (Garde National du Mali) (2013)

Military expenditures

1.44% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 69 1.51% of GDP (2011) 1.44% of GDP (2010)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2012)

Age structure

0-14 years: 47.6% (male 3,931,818/female 3,899,535) 15-24 years: 19% (male 1,489,830/female 1,638,995) 25-54 years: 26.7% (male 2,042,666/female 2,348,337) 55-64 years: 3.7% (male 307,167/female 306,470) 65 years and over: 3% (male 246,084/female 245,001) (2014 est.)

Birth rate

45.53 births/1,000 population (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 2

Child labor - children ages 5-14

total number: 1,485,027 percentage: 36 % (2010 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

27.9% (2006) country comparison to the world: 23

Contraceptive prevalence rate

8.2% (2006)

Death rate

13.22 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 18

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 100.9 % youth dependency ratio: 95.4 % elderly dependency ratio: 5.5 % potential support ratio: 18.2 (2014 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 90.9% of population rural: 54.2% of population total: 67.2% of population unimproved: urban: 9.1% of population rural: 45.8% of population total: 32.8% of population (2012 est.)

Education expenditures

4.8% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 83

Ethnic groups

Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.9% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 50

HIV/AIDS - deaths

4,900 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 41

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

100,300 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 44

Health expenditures

6.8% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 88

Hospital bed density

0.1 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate

total: 104.34 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 2 male: 111.04 deaths/1,000 live births female: 97.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)

Languages

French (official), Bambara 46.3%, Peul/foulfoulbe 9.4%, Dogon 7.2%, Maraka/soninke 6.4%, Malinke 5.6%, Sonrhai/djerma 5.6%, Minianka 4.3%, Tamacheq 3.5%, Senoufo 2.6%, unspecified 0.6%, other 8.5% note: Mali has 13 national languages in addition to its official language

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 54.95 years country comparison to the world: 206 male: 53.12 years female: 56.83 years (2014 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 33.4% male: 43.1% female: 24.6% (2011 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies (2013)

Major urban areas - population

BAMAKO (capital) 2.037 million (2011)

Maternal mortality rate

540 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 18

Median age

total: 16 years male: 15.4 years female: 16.7 years (2014 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

18.6 note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2006 est.)

Nationality

noun: Malian(s) adjective: Malian

Net migration rate

-2.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 171

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

4.3% (2008) country comparison to the world: 166

Physicians density

0.08 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population

16,455,903 (July 2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 67

Population growth rate

3% (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 12

Religions

Muslim 94.8%, Christian 2.4%, Animist 2%, none 0.5%, unspecified 0.3% (2009 Census)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 35.3% of population rural: 14.5% of population total: 21.9% of population unimproved: urban: 64.7% of population rural: 85.5% of population total: 78.1% of population (2012 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 9 years male: 10 years female: 8 years (2012)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.87 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Total fertility rate

6.16 children born/woman (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 2

Urbanization

urban population: 34.9% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 4.77% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

demarcation is underway with Burkina Faso

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 12,897 (Mauritania) (2013) IDPs: 151,150 (Tuareg rebellion since 2012) (2014)

Trafficking in persons

current situation: Mali is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; women and girls are forced into domestic servitude, agricultural labor, and support roles in gold mines, as well as subjected to sex trafficking; Malian boys are found in conditions of forced labor in agricultural settings, gold mines, and the informal commercial sector, as well as forced begging both within Mali and neighboring countries; Malians and other Africans who travel through Mali to Mauritania, Algeria, or Libya in hopes of reaching Europe are particularly at risk of becoming victims of human trafficking; men and boys, primarily of Songhai ethnicity, are subjected to the longstanding practice of debt bondage in the salt mines of Taoudenni in northern Mali; some members of Mali's black Tamachek community are subjected to traditional slavery-related practices, and this involuntary servitude reportedly has extended to their children; reports indicate that non-governmental armed groups operating in northern Mali recruited children as combatants, cooks, porters, guards, spies, and sex slaves tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Mali does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; although the government enacted a comprehensive anti-trafficking law in 2012, it did not demonstrate evidence of overall increasing efforts to address human trafficking over the previous year; the government has failed to prosecute or convict any trafficking offenders, has not provided any direct services to victims, and has not made any tangible prevention efforts; the government continues to cite a lack of personnel and resources as reasons for its inability to adequately identify and rescue child victims of forced labor in the mining industry (2013)

Airports

25 (2013) country comparison to the world: 129

Airports - with paved runways

total: 8 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 17 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 5 (2013)

Heliports

2 (2013)

Ports and terminals

river port(s): Koulikoro (Niger)

Railways

total: 593 km country comparison to the world: 109 narrow gauge: 593 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)

Roadways

total: 22,474 km country comparison to the world: 103 paved: 5,522 km unpaved: 16,952 km (2009)

Waterways

1,800 km (downstream of Koulikoro; low water levels on the River Niger cause problems in dry years; in the months before the rainy season the river is not navigable by commercial vessels) (2011) country comparison to the world: 44