Syria

Broadcast media

state-run TV and radio broadcast networks; state operates 2 TV networks and a satellite channel; roughly two-thirds of Syrian homes have a satellite dish providing access to foreign TV broadcasts; 3 state-run radio channels; first private radio station launched in 2005; private radio broadcasters prohibited from transmitting news or political content (2007)

Internet country code

.sy

Internet hosts

416 (2012) country comparison to the world: 188

Internet users

4.469 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 52

Telephone system

general assessment: fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber-optic technology and expansion of the network to rural areas; the armed insurgency that began in 2011 has led to major disruptions to the network and has caused telephone and Internet outages throughout the country domestic: the number of fixed-line connections has increased markedly since 2000; mobile-cellular service growing with telephone subscribership nearly 60 per 100 persons in 2011 international: country code - 963; submarine cable connection to Egypt, Lebanon, and Cyprus; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel

Telephones - main lines in use

4.345 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 37

Telephones - mobile cellular

13.117 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 59

Agriculture - products

wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas, olives, sugar beets; beef, mutton, eggs, poultry, milk

Budget

revenues: $6.511 billion expenditures: $12.68 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-9.5% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 200

Central bank discount rate

0.75% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 73 5% (31 December 2011 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

11.7% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 86 10.5% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

-$5.103 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 167 -$7.726 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$8.818 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 99 $8.196 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Economy - overview

Despite modest economic growth and reform prior to the outbreak of unrest, Syria's economy continues to suffer the effects of the ongoing conflict that began in 2011. The economy further contracted in 2012 because of international sanctions and reduced domestic consumption and production. The government has struggled to address the effects of economic decline, including dwindling foreign exchange reserves, rising budget and trade deficits, and the decreasing value of the Syrian pound. Prior to the unrest, Damascus began liberalizing economic policies, including cutting lending interest rates, opening private banks, consolidating multiple exchange rates, raising prices on some subsidized items, and establishing the Damascus Stock Exchange. The economy remains highly regulated by the government. Long-run economic constraints include foreign trade barriers, declining oil production, high unemployment, rising budget deficits, and increasing pressure on water supplies caused by heavy use in agriculture, rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and water pollution.

Exchange rates

Syrian pounds (SYP) per US dollar - 63.94 (2012 est.) 48.371 (2011 est.) 11.225 (2010 est.) 46.708 (2009) 46.5281 (2008)

Exports

$4.981 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 114 $10.29 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

crude oil, minerals, petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton fiber, textiles, clothing, meat and live animals, wheat

Exports - partners

Iraq 38.8%, Italy 7.9%, Germany 7.1%, Saudi Arabia 6.5%, Kuwait 4.2% (2011)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$64.7 billion (2011 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$107.6 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 69 $110.1 billion (2010 est.) $106.5 billion (2009 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 18.1% industry: 25.3% services: 56.6% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$5,100 (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 153 $5,100 (2010 est.) $5,200 (2009 est.) note: data are in 2011 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

NA (2012 est.) -2.3% (2011 est.) 3.4% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Imports

$10.01 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 97 $17.6 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery, food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical products, plastics, yarn, paper

Imports - partners

Saudi Arabia 14.8%, China 10.3%, UAE 7.3%, Turkey 6.8%, Iran 5.4%, Italy 5.1%, Russia 4.6%, Iraq 4.4% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate

6% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 53

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

33.7% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 222 4.8% (2011 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

20.8% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 86

Labor force

5.54 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 71

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 17% industry: 16% services: 67% (2008 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

11.9% (2006 est.)

Public debt

44% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 77 35.2% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$4.774 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 93 $14.83 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$30.17 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 77 $39.36 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$20.33 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 82 $27.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$18.01 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 65 $22.37 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

10.1% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 208

Unemployment rate

18% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 155 14.9% (2011 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

63.1 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 54

Crude oil - exports

144,000 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 34

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 124

Crude oil - production

333,900 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 33

Crude oil - proved reserves

2.183 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 35

Electricity - consumption

28.87 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 63

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 134

Electricity - from fossil fuels

84.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 86

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

15.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 104

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 181

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 189

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 137

Electricity - installed generating capacity

8.2 million kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 62

Electricity - production

40.86 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 58

Natural gas - consumption

9.63 billion cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 48

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 58

Natural gas - imports

690 million cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 66

Natural gas - production

8.94 billion cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 45

Natural gas - proved reserves

240.7 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 45

Refined petroleum products - consumption

258,800 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 50

Refined petroleum products - exports

14,540 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 83

Refined petroleum products - imports

58,160 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 66

Refined petroleum products - production

255,600 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 49

Area

total: 185,180 sq km country comparison to the world: 89 land: 183,630 sq km water: 1,550 sq km note: includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory

Area - comparative

slightly larger than North Dakota

Climate

mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus

Coastline

193 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: unnamed location near Lake Tiberias -200 m highest point: Mount Hermon 2,814 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes; inadequate potable water

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 19.95 cu km/yr (3%/2%/95%) per capita: 1,048 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates

35 00 N, 38 00 E

Geography - note

the capital of Damascus - located at an oasis fed by the Barada River - is thought to be one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities; there are 41 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (2010 est.)

Irrigated land

13,560 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

total: 2,253 km border countries: Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km

Land use

arable land: 24.8% permanent crops: 4.47% other: 70.73% (2005)

Location

Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey

Map references

Middle East

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm

Natural hazards

dust storms, sandstorms volcanism: Syria's two historically active volcanoes, Es Safa and an unnamed volcano near the Turkish border have not erupted in centuries

Natural resources

petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower

Terrain

primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west

Total renewable water resources

46.1 cu km (1997)

Administrative divisions

14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah (Latakia), Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq (Damascus), Halab, Hamah, Hims (Homs), Idlib, Rif Dimashq (Damascus Countryside), Tartus

Capital

name: Damascus geographic coordinates: 33 30 N, 36 18 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Friday in April; ends last Friday in October

Constitution

13 March 1973; amended February 2012

Country name

conventional long form: Syrian Arab Republic conventional short form: Syria local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah local short form: Suriyah former: United Arab Republic (with Egypt)

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Robert S. FORD; note - on 6 February 2012, the US closed its embassy in Damascus embassy: Abou Roumaneh, Al-Mansour Street, No. 2, Damascus mailing address: P. O. Box 29, Damascus telephone: [963] (11) 3391-4444 FAX: [963] (11) 3391-3999

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant) chancery: 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 232-6313 FAX: [1] (202) 265-4585

Executive branch

chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 21 February 2006) oversees foreign policy; Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy head of government: Prime Minister Wael al-HALQI (since 9 August 2012) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - new Council appointed on 14 April 2011 (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers election results: Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%, other 2.4%

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; two small, green, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); identical to the former flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961) where the two stars represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; the current design dates to 1980 note: similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band

Government type

republic under an authoritarian regime

Independence

17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Judicial branch

Supreme Judicial Council (appoints and dismisses judges; headed by the president); national level - Supreme Constitutional Court (adjudicates electoral disputes and rules on constitutionality of laws and decrees; justices appointed for four-year terms by the president); Court of Cassation; Appeals Courts (Appeals Courts represent an intermediate level between the Court of Cassation and local level courts); local level - Magistrate Courts; Courts of First Instance; Juvenile Courts; Customs Courts; specialized courts - Economic Security Courts (hear cases related to economic crimes); Supreme State Security Court (hear cases related to national security); Personal Status Courts (religious; hear cases related to marriage and divorce)

Legal system

mixed legal system of civil and Islamic law (for family courts)

Legislative branch

unicameral People's Assembly or Majlis al-Shaab (250 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 7 May 2012 (next to be held in 2016) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA

National anthem

name: "Humat ad-Diyar" (Guardians of the Homeland) lyrics/music: Khalil Mardam BEY/Mohammad Salim FLAYFEL and Ahmad Salim FLAYFEL note: adopted 1936, restored 1961; between 1958 and 1961, while Syria was a member of the United Arab Republic with Egypt, the country had a different anthem

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 April (1946)

National symbol(s)

hawk

Political parties and leaders

legal parties: National Progressive Front or NPF [President Bashar al-ASAD, Dr. Suleiman QADDAH] (includes Arab Socialist Renaissance (Ba'th) Party [President Bashar al-ASAD]; Socialist Unionist Democratic Party [Fadlallah Nasr Al-DIN]; Syrian Arab Socialist Union or ASU [Safwan al-QUDSI]; Syrian Communist Party (two branches) [Wissal Farha BAKDASH, Yusuf Rashid FAYSAL]; Syrian Social Nationalist Party [As'ad HARDAN]; Unionist Socialist Party [Fayez ISMAIL]) Kurdish parties (considered illegal): Kurdish Azadi Party; Kurdish Democratic Accord Party (al Wifaq); Kurdish Democratic Party (al Parti-Ibrahim wing); Kurdish Democratic Party (al Parti-Mustafa wing); Kurdish Democratic Party in Syria or KDP-S; Kurdish Democratic Patriotic/National Party; Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party or KDPP-Darwish; Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party or KDPP-Muhammad; Kurdish Democratic Union Party or PYD [Salih Muslim MOHAMMAD]; Kurdish Democratic Unity Party; Kurdish Democratic Yekiti Party; Kurdish Future Party or KFP; Kurdish Future Party [Rezan HASSAN]; Kurdish Left Party; Kurdish Yekiti (Union) Party; Syrian Kurdish Democratic Party other parties: Syrian Democratic Party [Mustafa QALAAJI]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Free Syrian Army; National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Oppositon Forces or Syrian Oppositon Coalition [Mu'aaz al-KHATIB] (operates in exile in Cairo); Syrian Muslim Brotherhood or SMB [Muhammad Riyad al-SHAQFAH] (operates in exile in London) note - there are also hundreds of local groups that organize protests and stage armed attacks

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French administered the area as Syria until granting it independence in 1946. The new country lacked political stability, however, and experienced a series of military coups during its first decades. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. In November 1970, Hafiz al-ASAD, a member of the socialist Ba'th Party and the minority Alawi sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional peace talks over its return. Following the death of President al-ASAD, his son, Bashar al-ASAD, was approved as president by popular referendum in July 2000. Syrian troops - stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an ostensible peacekeeping role - were withdrawn in April 2005. During the July-August 2006 conflict between Israel and Hizballah, Syria placed its military forces on alert but did not intervene directly on behalf of its ally Hizballah. In May 2007 Bashar al-ASAD's second term as president was approved by popular referendum. Influenced by major uprisings that began elsewhere in the region, antigovernment protests broke out in the southern province of Dar'a in March 2011 with protesters calling for the repeal of the restrictive Emergency Law allowing arrests without charge, the legalization of political parties, and the removal of corrupt local officials. Since then demonstrations and unrest have spread to nearly every city in Syria, but the size and intensity of protests have fluctuated over time. The government responded to unrest with a mix of concessions - including the repeal of the Emergency Law and approving new laws permitting new political parties and liberalizing local and national elections - and force. However, the government's response has failed to meet opposition demands for ASAD to step down, and the government's ongoing security operations to quell unrest and widespread armed opposition activity have led to extended violent clashes between government forces and oppositionists. International pressure on the ASAD regime has intensified since late 2011 as the Arab League, EU, Turkey, and the United States have expanded economic sanctions against the regime. Lakhdar BRAHIMI, current Joint Special Representative of the United Nations and the League of Arab States on the Syrian crisis, in October 2012 began meeting with regional heads of state to assist in brokering a cease-fire. In December 2012, the National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces was recognized by more than 130 countries as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. Unrest persists in 2013,and the death toll among Syrian government forces, Opposition Forces, and civilians has topped 60,000.

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 5,889,837 females age 16-49: 5,660,751 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 5,055,510 females age 16-49: 4,884,151 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 256,698 female: 244,712 (2010 est.)

Military branches

Syrian Armed Forces: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air and Air Defense Forces (includes Air Defense Command) (2008)

Military expenditures

5.9% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 10

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for compulsory male military service; conscript service obligation - 18 months; women are not conscripted but may volunteer to serve; re-enlistment obligation 5 years, with retirement after 15 years or age 40 (enlisted) or 20 years or age 45 (NCOs) (2010)

Age structure

0-14 years: 34.6% (male 3,990,769/ female 3,793,859) 15-64 years: 61.6% (male 7,059,306/ female 6,828,799) 65 years and over: 3.8% (male 393,984/ female 464,029) (2012 est.)

Birth rate

23.52 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 71

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

10% (2006) country comparison to the world: 66

Death rate

3.67 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 210

Education expenditures

4.9% of GDP (2007) country comparison to the world: 66

Ethnic groups

Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

less than 0.1% (2001 est.) country comparison to the world: 157

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 200 (2003 est.) country comparison to the world: 114

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

fewer than 500 (2003 est.) country comparison to the world: 153

Health expenditures

2.9% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 180

Hospital bed density

1.5 beds/1,000 population (2009)

Infant mortality rate

total: 15.12 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 114 male: 17.38 deaths/1,000 live births female: 12.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages

Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian (widely understood); French, English (somewhat understood)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 74.92 years country comparison to the world: 95 male: 72.53 years female: 77.45 years (2012 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 79.6% male: 86% female: 73.6% (2004 census)

Major cities - population

Aleppo 2.985 million; DAMASCUS (capital) 2.527 million; Hims 1.276 million; Hamah 854,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

70 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 88

Median age

total: 22.3 years male: 22.1 years female: 22.5 years (2012 est.)

Nationality

noun: Syrian(s) adjective: Syrian

Net migration rate

-27.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 219

Physicians density

1.5 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

Population

22,530,746 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 52 note: approximately 18,700 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights (2011)

Population growth rate

-0.797% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 226

Religions

Sunni Muslim (Islam - official) 74%, other Muslim (includes Alawite, Druze) 16%, Christian (various denominations) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 96% of population rural: 95% of population total: 96% of population unimproved: urban: 4% of population rural: 5% of population total: 4% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 11 years male: 12 years female: 11 years (2007)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.85 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 71

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 19.1% country comparison to the world: 61 male: 13.1% female: 49.1% (2007)

Urbanization

urban population: 56% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 2.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong UN Disengagement Observer Force patrolling a buffer zone since 1964; lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a Farms in the Golan Heights; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation settles border dispute with Jordan

Illicit drugs

a transit point for opiates, hashish, and cocaine bound for regional and Western markets; weak anti-money-laundering controls and bank privatization may leave it vulnerable to money laundering

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 101,244 (Iraq); 486,946 (Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA)) IDPs: more than 2 million (2011-2012 civil war) (2012)

Trafficking in persons

current situation: Syria is principally a destination country for women and children subjected to forced labor or sex trafficking; women from Indonesia, the Philippines, Somalia, and Ethiopia are recruited by employment agencies to work in Syria as domestic servants, but are subsequently subjected to conditions of forced labor; some economically desperate Syrian children are subjected to conditions of forced labor within the country, particularly by organized street begging rings; some Syrian women in Lebanon may be forced to engage in street prostitution and small numbers of Syrian girls are reportedly brought to Lebanon for the purpose of prostitution tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - the government made modest anti-trafficking efforts, however, it did not demonstrate evidence of increasing efforts to investigate and punish trafficking offenses, inform the public about the practice of human trafficking, or provide much-needed anti-trafficking training to law enforcement and social welfare officials (2008)

Airports

99 (2012) country comparison to the world: 58

Airports - with paved runways

total: 29 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 5 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 70 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 14 under 914 m: 55 (2012)

Heliports

6 (2012)

Merchant marine

total: 19 country comparison to the world: 95 by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 14, carrier 1 registered in other countries: 166 (Barbados 1, Belize 4, Bolivia 4, Cambodia 22, Comoros 5, Dominica 4, Georgia 24, Lebanon 2, Liberia 1, Malta 4, Moldova 5, North Korea 4, Panama 34, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9, Sierra Leone 13, Tanzania 23, Togo 6, unknown 1) (2010)

Pipelines

gas 3,161 km; oil 1,997 km (2010)

Ports and terminals

Baniyas, Latakia, Tartus

Railways

total: 2,052 km country comparison to the world: 72 standard gauge: 1,801 km 1.435-m gauge narrow gauge: 251 km 1.050-m gauge (2008)

Roadways

total: 68,157 km country comparison to the world: 67 paved: 61,514 km (includes 1,103 km of expressways) unpaved: 6,643 km (2006)

Waterways

900 km (navigable but not economically significant) (2011) country comparison to the world: 69