Trinidad and Tobago

Broadcast media

5 TV networks, one of which is state-owned, broadcast on multiple stations; multiple cable TV subscription service providers; multiple radio networks, one state-owned, broadcast over about 35 stations (2007)

Internet country code

.tt

Internet hosts

241,690 (2012) country comparison to the world: 69

Internet users

593,000 (2009) country comparison to the world: 115

Telephone system

general assessment: excellent international service; good local service domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 170 telephones per 100 persons international: country code - 1-868; submarine cable systems provide connectivity to US and parts of the Caribbean and South America; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Barbados and Guyana

Telephones - main lines in use

292,000 (2011) country comparison to the world: 116

Telephones - mobile cellular

1.825 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 143

Agriculture - products

cocoa, rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultry; sugar

Budget

revenues: $7.705 billion expenditures: $8.341 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.7% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 96

Central bank discount rate

4.25% (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 39 7.25% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

7.8% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 119 7.99% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

$2.677 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 36 $2.26 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$4.78 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 121 $4.749 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Economy - overview

Trinidad and Tobago has earned a reputation as an excellent investment site for international businesses and has one of the highest growth rates and per capita incomes in Latin America. Economic growth between 2000 and 2007 averaged slightly over 8%, significantly above the regional average of about 3.7% for that same period; however, GDP has slowed down since then and contracted during 2009-2011 due to depressed natural gas prices and changing markets. Growth had been fueled by investments in liquefied natural gas, petrochemicals, and steel. Additional petrochemical, aluminum, and plastics projects are in various stages of planning. Trinidad and Tobago is the leading Caribbean producer of oil and gas, and its economy is heavily dependent upon these resources but it also supplies manufactured goods, notably food products and beverages, as well as cement to the Caribbean region. Oil and gas account for about 40% of GDP and 80% of exports, but only 5% of employment. The country is also a regional financial center, and tourism is a growing sector, although it is not as important domestically as it is to many other Caribbean islands. The economy benefits from a growing trade surplus. The previous MANNING administration benefited from fiscal surpluses fueled by the dynamic export sector; however, declines in oil and gas prices have reduced government revenues which will challenge the new government's commitment to maintaining high levels of public investment.

Exchange rates

Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TTD) per US dollar - 6.393 (2012 est.) 6.4094 (2011 est.) 6.3755 (2010 est.) 6.3099 (2009) 6.2896 (2008)

Exports

$12.72 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 83 $13.02 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

petroleum and petroleum products, liquefied natural gas, methanol, ammonia, urea, steel products, beverages, cereal and cereal products, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus fruit, vegetables, flowers

Exports - partners

US 43.6%, Spain 5.1%, South Korea 4.8%, Jamaica 4.6% (2011)

Fiscal year

1 October - 30 September

GDP (official exchange rate)

$23.84 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$27.12 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 116 $26.92 billion (2011 est.) $27.33 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 0.3% industry: 58.8% services: 40.8% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$20,400 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 62 $20,300 (2011 est.) $20,700 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

0.7% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 174 -1.5% (2011 est.) 0% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Imports

$9.362 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 100 $9.552 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

mineral fuels, lubricants, machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals, live animals

Imports - partners

US 32.8%, Brazil 10.7%, Russia 6.2%, Gabon 5.7%, Canada 5.1%, China 4.2% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate

2.1% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 120

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

8.7% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 188 5.1% (2011 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

15.9% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 133

Labor force

616,500 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 156

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 3.8% manufacturing, mining, and quarrying: 12.8% construction and utilities: 20.4% services: 62.9% (2007 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$14.73 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 68 $12.16 billion (31 December 2010) $11.15 billion (31 December 2009)

Population below poverty line

17% (2007 est.)

Public debt

37.7% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 96 38.8% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$10.65 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 71 $10.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$17.28 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 91 $15.46 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$3.829 billion (2007) country comparison to the world: 65

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$102 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 39 $12.44 billion (2007)

Stock of domestic credit

$6.417 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 114 $6.115 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$5.653 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 96 $5.073 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

32.3% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 84

Unemployment rate

6.3% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 64 5.5% (2011 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

49.93 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 63

Crude oil - exports

55,240 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 43

Crude oil - imports

56,540 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 54

Crude oil - production

135,900 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 45

Crude oil - proved reserves

728.3 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 44

Electricity - consumption

7.102 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 100

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 135

Electricity - from fossil fuels

99.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 54

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 201

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 182

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 84

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 138

Electricity - installed generating capacity

1.429 million kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 115

Electricity - production

7.271 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 102

Natural gas - consumption

22.08 billion cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 34

Natural gas - exports

20.38 billion cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 15

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 134

Natural gas - production

42.46 billion cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 24

Natural gas - proved reserves

381.1 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 36

Refined petroleum products - consumption

41,000 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 107

Refined petroleum products - exports

148,600 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 38

Refined petroleum products - imports

242.3 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 206

Refined petroleum products - production

165,100 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 62

Area

total: 5,128 sq km country comparison to the world: 174 land: 5,128 sq km water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Delaware

Climate

tropical; rainy season (June to December)

Coastline

362 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: El Cerro del Aripo 940 m

Environment - current issues

water pollution from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches; deforestation; soil erosion

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 0.31 cu km/yr (68%/26%/6%) per capita: 237 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates

11 00 N, 61 00 W

Geography - note

Pitch Lake, on Trinidad's southwestern coast, is the world's largest natural reservoir of asphalt

Irrigated land

70 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

0 km

Land use

arable land: 14.62% permanent crops: 9.16% other: 76.22% (2005)

Location

Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela

Map references

Central America and the Caribbean

Maritime claims

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental margin

Natural hazards

outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms

Natural resources

petroleum, natural gas, asphalt

Terrain

mostly plains with some hills and low mountains

Total renewable water resources

3.8 cu km (2000)

Administrative divisions

9 regions, 3 boroughs, 2 cities, 1 ward regions: Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo, Diego Martin, Mayaro/Rio Claro, Penal/Debe, Princes Town, Sangre Grande, San Juan/Laventille, Siparia, Tunapuna/Piarco borough: Arima, Chaguanas, Point Fortin cities: Port of Spain, San Fernando ward: Tobago

Capital

name: Port of Spain geographic coordinates: 10 39 N, 61 31 W time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

1 August 1976

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago conventional short form: Trinidad and Tobago

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Thomas SMITHAM embassy: 15 Queen's Park West, Port of Spain mailing address: P. O. Box 752, Port of Spain telephone: [1] (868) 622-6371 through 6376 FAX: [1] (868) 822-5905

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Neil PARSAN chancery: 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 467-6490 FAX: [1] (202) 785-3130 consulate(s) general: Miami, New York

Executive branch

chief of state: President George Maxwell RICHARDS (since 17 March 2003) head of government: Prime Minister Kamla PERSAD-BISSESSAR (since 26 May 2010) cabinet: Cabinet appointed from among the members of Parliament (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by an electoral college, which consists of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 11 February 2008 (next to be held by February 2013); the president usually appoints as prime minister the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives election results: George Maxwell RICHARDS reelected president; percent of electoral college vote - NA

Flag description

red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side to the lower fly side; the colors represent the elements of earth, water, and fire; black stands for the wealth of the land and the dedication of the people; white symbolizes the sea surrounding the islands, the purity of the country's aspirations, and equality; red symbolizes the warmth and energy of the sun, the vitality of the land, and the courage and friendliness of its people

Government type

parliamentary democracy

Independence

31 August 1962 (from the UK)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CDB, CELAC, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Paris Club (associate), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court of Judicature (comprised of the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeals; the chief justice is appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; other justices are appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission); the highest court of appeal is the Privy Council in London; member of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ)

Legal system

English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court

Legislative branch

bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (31 seats; 16 members appointed by the ruling party, 9 by the President, 6 by the opposition party to serve a maximum term of five years) and the House of Representatives (41 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held on 24 May 2010 (next to be held in 2015) election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote - NA; seats by party - UNC 21, PNM 12, COP 6, TOP 2 note: Tobago has a unicameral House of Assembly with 12 members serving four-year terms; last election held in January 2005; seats by party - PNM 11, DAC 1

National anthem

name: "Forged From the Love of Liberty" lyrics/music: Patrick Stanislaus CASTAGNE note: adopted 1962; the song was originally created to serve as an anthem for the West Indies Federation; it was adopted by Trinidad and Tobago following the Federation's dissolution in 1962

National holiday

Independence Day, 31 August (1962)

National symbol(s)

scarlet ibis (bird of Trinidad); cocrico (bird of Tobago)

Political parties and leaders

Congress of the People or COP [Prakash RAMADHAR]; Democratic Action Congress or DAC [Hochoy CHARLES] (only active in Tobago); Democratic National Alliance or DNA [Charles CARSON] (coalition of NAR, DDPT, MND); Movement for National Development or MND [Garvin NICHOLAS]; National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR [Lennox SANKERSINGH]; People's National Movement or PNM [Keith ROWLEY]; Tobago Organization of the People or TOP [Ashworth JACK]; United National Congress or UNC [Kamla PERSAD-BISSESSAR]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Jamaat-al Muslimeen [Yasin ABU BAKR]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

First colonized by the Spanish, the islands came under British control in the early 19th century. The islands' sugar industry was hurt by the emancipation of the slaves in 1834. Manpower was replaced with the importation of contract laborers from India between 1845 and 1917, which boosted sugar production as well as the cocoa industry. The discovery of oil on Trinidad in 1910 added another important export. Independence was attained in 1962. The country is one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean thanks largely to petroleum and natural gas production and processing. Tourism, mostly in Tobago, is targeted for expansion and is growing. The government is coping with a rise in violent crime.

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 341,764 females age 16-49: 317,899 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 269,824 females age 16-49: 261,735 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 8,164 female: 7,503 (2010 est.)

Military branches

Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (TTDF): Trinidad and Tobago Army, Coast Guard, Air Guard, Defense Force Reserves (2010)

Military expenditures

0.3% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 168

Military service age and obligation

18-25 years of age for voluntary military service (16 years of age with parental consent); no conscription; Trinidad and Tobago citizenship and completion of secondary school required (2012)

Age structure

0-14 years: 19.5% (male 121,872/ female 116,859) 15-64 years: 71.8% (male 453,125/ female 427,255) 65 years and over: 8.7% (male 46,198/ female 61,074) (2012 est.)

Birth rate

14.25 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 142

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

4.4% (2000) country comparison to the world: 87

Death rate

8.35 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 87

Education expenditures

NA

Ethnic groups

Indian (South Asian) 40%, African 37.5%, mixed 20.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.8% (2000 census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

1.5% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 35

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 66

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

15,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 85

Health expenditures

5.6% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 122

Hospital bed density

2.5 beds/1,000 population (2008)

Infant mortality rate

total: 26.73 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 73 male: 28.05 deaths/1,000 live births female: 25.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages

English (official), Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), French, Spanish, Chinese

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 71.67 years country comparison to the world: 135 male: 68.81 years female: 74.6 years (2012 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98.6% male: 99.1% female: 98% (2003 est.)

Major cities - population

PORT-OF-SPAIN (capital) 57,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

46 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 112

Median age

total: 33.5 years male: 33.1 years female: 34 years (2012 est.)

Nationality

noun: Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s) adjective: Trinidadian, Tobagonian

Net migration rate

-6.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 200

People - note

in 2007, the government of Trinidad and Tobago estimated the population to be 1.3 million

Physicians density

1.175 physicians/1,000 population (2007)

Population

1,226,383 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 158

Population growth rate

-0.086% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 199

Religions

Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 25.8% (Anglican 7.8%, Baptist 7.2%, Pentecostal 6.8%, Seventh-Day Adventist 4%), Hindu 22.5%, Muslim 5.8%, other Christian 5.8%, other 10.8%, unspecified 1.4%, none 1.9% (2000 census)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 92% of population rural: 92% of population total: 92% of population unimproved: urban: 8% of population rural: 8% of population total: 8% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 12 years male: 11 years female: 12 years (2007)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.72 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 169

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 10.5% country comparison to the world: 101 male: 8.8% female: 12.9% (2008)

Urbanization

urban population: 14% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago abide by the April 2006 Permanent Court of Arbitration decision delimiting a maritime boundary and limiting catches of flying fish in Trinidad and Tobago's exclusive economic zone; in 2005, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago agreed to compulsory international arbitration under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea challenging whether the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago's and Venezuela's maritime boundary extends into Barbadian waters; Guyana has also expressed its intention to include itself in the arbitration as the Trinidad and Tobago-Venezuela maritime boundary may extend into its waters as well

Illicit drugs

transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; producer of cannabis

Airports

5 (2012) country comparison to the world: 178

Airports - with paved runways

total: 2 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 2 (2012)

Merchant marine

total: 4 country comparison to the world: 131 by type: passenger 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1 registered in other countries: 2 (unknown 2) (2010)

Pipelines

gas 671 km; oil 334 km (2010)

Ports and terminals

Point Fortin, Point Lisas, Port of Spain, Scarborough oil terminals: Galeota Point terminal

Roadways

total: 8,320 km country comparison to the world: 139 paved: 4,252 km unpaved: 4,068 km (2000)