Zimbabwe

Airports

491 total, 401 usable; 22 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air

12 major transport aircraft

Highways

85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel, stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways

Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication

Pipelines

petroleum products 8 km

Railroads

2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42 km double track; 355 km electrified

Telecommunications

system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio communications stations; 247,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 18 FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

2) General Assembly

UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat) UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNSF United Nations Special Fund UNU United Nations University WFC World Food Council WFP World Food Program

3) Security Council

UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization

34 DCs are

Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda,

4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

Specialized agencies FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IDA International Development Association IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UPU Universal Postal Union WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization Related organizations GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Regional commissions ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Functional commissions Commission on Human Rights Commission on Narcotic Drugs Commission for Social Development Commission on the Status of Women Population Commission Statistical Commission American Integration Association (LAIA) see African Development Bank (AfDB) see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) Development Bank (IADB) Development Bank (WADB) African Economic Community (CEAO) Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991 Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) International Organization for Migration (IOM) International Organization for Migration (IOM) International Maritime Organization (IMO) economy (NIE) and the Caribbean System (LAES) Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) known as Habitat) Organization Fund (UNFPA) United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in the Near East

A

The United Nations System

Abbreviations

(see Appendix B for international organizations and groups)

Administrative divisions

The numbers, designatory terms, and first-order

Appendix A

The United Nations System The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate

Area

Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by

B

Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups

Birth rate

The average annual number of births during a year per 1,000

Branches

Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe National Police (including Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police), People's Militia

C

International Organizations and Groups

CY

calendar year

D

Weights and Measures

DWT

deadweight ton

Dates of information

In general, information available as of 1 January 1992

Death rate

The average annual number of deaths during a year per l,000

Defense expenditures

exchange rate conversion - $412.4 million, about 6% of GDP (FY91 est.)

Diplomatic representation

The US Government has diplomatic relations with

Disputes

This category includes a wide variety of situations that range from

E

Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names

Economic aid

This entry refers to bilateral commitments of official develop-

Entities

Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special sovereignty,

Ex-Im

Export-Import Bank of the United States

FRG

Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for information dated

FY

fiscal year

GDP

gross domestic product

GDR

German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for information dated

GNP

gross national product

GNP/GDP methodology

In the ``Economy'' section, GNP/GDP dollar estimates for

GRT

gross register ton

Gross domestic product (GDP)

The value of all goods and services produced

Gross national product (GNP)

The value of all goods and services produced

Growth rate (population)

The annual percent change in the population,

Illicit drugs

There are five categories of illicit drugs - narcotics,

Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths to infants under one year old in

Land use

Human use of the land surface is categorized as arable land - land

Leaders

The chief of state is the titular leader of the country who

Life expectancy at birth

The average number of years to be lived by a group

Literacy

There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy.

Manpower availability

males 15-49, 2,355,965; 1,456,829 fit for military service

Maps

All maps will be available only in the printed version for the fore-

Maritime claims

The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some

Merchant marine

All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All commercial

Money figures

All are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars unless

NA

not available

NEGL

negligible

NZ

New Zealand

Net migration rate

The balance between the number of persons entering and

Note

Information for the US and US dependencies was compiled from material

ODA

official development assistance

OOF

other official flows

PDRY

People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen];

Population

Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census based on

Total fertility rate

The average number of children that would be born per

UAE

United Arab Emirates

UK

United Kingdom

US

United States

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used for information

YAR

Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used for information

Years

All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated as

are

Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Appendix D: Weights and Measures weight, capacity 1 gram, 1 liter kilometers^2 statute degrees C, freezes at 0. C) 32 to obtain .F 1.8 to obtain .C freezes at 32 .F) statute advp. advp. avoirdupois statute statute statute liquid acres avoirdupois This list indicates where various names including all United States [claimed by France] Territory of the (F.T.A.I.) (Palau) to European Communities, US Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (USNATO)] Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Iles Chesterfield) (Kiritimati) General] (Galapagos Islands) (Komandorskiye Ostrova) [Little Diomede] Strait or Tsushima Strait) Republic) Channel or Tsushima Strait) [US Consulate General] [US Consulate General] and Issas (F.T.A.I.) de Colon) Embassy, US Mission to European Office of the UN and Other International Organizations] (East Germany) (West Germany) [US Consulate General] representation by US Interests Section (USINT) of the Swiss Embassy] [US Consulate General] (Isle of Youth) (Poluostrov Kamchatka) (Kuria Muria Islands) (Kol'skiy Poluostrov) Republic of [US Consulate General] [claimed by Japan] Tunisia representation from Colombo, Sri Lanka] (Iles Marquises) (Robinson Crusoe Island) US Mission to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)] to the United Nations (USUN)] [US Consular Agency] the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), US Observer Mission at the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)] (Isla de la Juventud) [US Consular Agency] [claimed by Norway] [US Consulate General] (Mas a Tierra) the UN Agencies for Food and Agriculture (FODAG)] [claimed by New Zealand] Guinea-Bissau; Mali; Mauritania; Niger; Senegal (Ile Saint-Paul) (Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo) [US Consulate General] [US Consular Agency] Archipielago [US Consular Agency] [US Consular Agency] Penedos de (Iles de la Societe) Sandwich Islands Sandwich Islands Republic of Yemen) Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan (Poluostrov Taymyra) representation by Swiss Embassy] [claimed by France] [US Consulate General] representation by Belgian Embassy] Republics Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan representation from Zurich, Switzerland] to International Organizations in Vienna (UNVIE)] (Wrangel Island) (now Vakhan Corridor) Mission of the USA to the Organization of American States (OAS)] (West Korea Strait) of Germany) (Western Channel) Republic of Yemen] Republic] Republic] Republic of Republic of Yemen] (Isla de la Juventud) Macedonia; Serbia and Montenegro; Slovenia

avdp.

avoirdupois

c.i.f.

cost, insurance, and freight

caution

the proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a percent of GNP/GDP

est.

estimate

f.o.b.

free on board

games

1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France (8-23

kW

kilowatt

kWh

kilowatt hour

km

kilometer

km2

square kilometer

m

meter

nm

nautical mile

note

The US Government does not recognize the four so-called independent

note

not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations

undeveloped countries. The 41 LLDCs are

Afghanistan,

Agriculture

accounts for 11% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops - corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food

Budget

revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $330 million (FY91)

Currency

Zimbabwean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents

Economic aid

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134 million

Electricity

3,650,000 kW capacity; 7,500 million kWh produced, 700 kWh per capita (1991)

Exchange rates

Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 4.3066 (March 1992), 3.4282 (1991), 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988), 1.6611 (1987)

Exports

$1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%, ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5% partners: Europe 55% (EC 40%, Netherlands 5%, other 15%), Africa 20% (South Africa 10%, other 10%), US 5%

External debt

$2.96 billion (December 1989 est.)

Fiscal year

1 July - 30 June

GDP

exchange rate conversion - $7.1 billion, per capita $660; real growth rate 3.5% (1991 est.)

Imports

$1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%, chemicals 16%, fuels 15% partners: EC 31%, Africa 29% (South Africa 21%, other 8%), US 8%, Japan 4%

Industrial production

growth rate 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 35% of GDP

Industries

mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood products

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

25% (1991 est.)

Overview

Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals account for about 40% of exports. Wide year-to-year fluctuations in agricultural production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven growth rate, one that on average has matched the 3% annual increase in population. Helped by an IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program, output rose 3.5% in 1991. A drought beginning toward the end of 1991 suggests rough going for 1992.

Unemployment rate

at least 30% (1991 est.)

Climate

tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)

Coastline

none - landlocked

Comparative area

slightly larger than Montana

Disputes

quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement

Environment

recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare; deforestation; soil erosion; air and water pollution

Land area

386,670 km2

Land boundaries

3,066 km total; Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km

Land use

arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and woodland 62%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL%

Maritime claims

none - landlocked

Natural resources

coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals

Note

landlocked

Terrain

mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east

Total area

390,580 km2

Administrative divisions

8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands

Capital

Harare

Constitution

21 December 1979

Diplomatic representation

Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador Stanislaus Garikai CHIGWEDERE; Chancery at 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 332-7100 US: Ambassador Edward Gibson LANPHER; Embassy at 172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue, Harare (mailing address is P. O. Box 3340, Harare); telephone [263] (4) 794-521

Elections

Executive President: last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Robert MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7% Parliament: last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 117, ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1

Executive branch

executive president, 2 vice presidents, Cabinet

Flag

seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle

Independence

18 April 1980 (from UK; formerly Southern Rhodesia)

Judicial branch

Supreme Court

Leaders

Chief of State and Head of Government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990)

Legal system

mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law

Legislative branch

unicameral Parliament

Long-form name

Republic of Zimbabwe

Member of

ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

Independence Day, 18 April (1980)

Political parties and leaders

Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel MAGOCHE

Suffrage

universal at age 18

Type

parliamentary democracy

Birth rate

40 births/1,000 population (1992)

Death rate

8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)

Ethnic divisions

African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%); white 1%, mixed and Asian 1%

Infant mortality rate

59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)

Labor force

3,100,000; agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, manufacturing, construction 10% (1987)

Languages

English (official); Shona, Sindebele

Life expectancy at birth

60 years male, 64 years female (1992)

Literacy

67% (male 74%, female 60%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

Nationality

noun - Zimbabwean(s); adjective - Zimbabwean

Net migration rate

-3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)

Organized labor

17% of wage and salary earners have union membership

Population

11,033,376 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992)

Religions

syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, a few Muslim

Total fertility rate

5.4 children born/woman (1992)