Montenegro

Broadcast media

state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 public TV stations and some 20 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations and more than 40 private radio stations (2007)

Internet country code

.me

Internet hosts

10,088 (2012) country comparison to the world: 135

Internet users

280,000 (2009) country comparison to the world: 133

Telephone system

general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites domestic: GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing international: country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system

Telephones - main lines in use

169,500 (2010) country comparison to the world: 130

Telephones - mobile cellular

1.17 million (2010) country comparison to the world: 153

Agriculture - products

tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheep

Budget

revenues: $1.7 billion expenditures: $1.9 billion (2011 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-4.6% of GDP (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 148

Commercial bank prime lending rate

9.69% (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 95 9.53% (31 December 2010 est.)

Current account balance

-$1.927 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 135 -$1.102 billion (2007 est.)

Debt - external

$1.2 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 152 $650 million (2006 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

24.3 (2010) country comparison to the world: 135 30 (2003)

Economy - overview

Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system, but the state sector remains large and additional institutional changes are needed. The economy relies heavily on tourism and the export of refined metals. Unprofitable state-owned enterprises weigh on public finances. Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and maintained its own central bank, adopted the deutsch mark, then the euro - rather than the Yugoslav dinar - as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro became the 156th member of World Trade Organization in December 2011. The European Council (EC) granted candidate country status to Montenegro at the December 2010 session. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EC in June, 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime. Unemployment and regional disparities in development are key political and economic problems. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector. The global financial crisis had a significant negative impact on the economy, due to the ongoing credit crunch, a decline in the real estate sector, and a fall in aluminum exports. In 2012, real GDP growth slipped to 0.2%, reflecting the general downturn in most of Europe.

Exchange rates

euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7838 (2012 est.) 0.7185 (2011 est.) 755 (2010 est.) 0.7198 (2009 est.) 0.6827 (2008 est.)

Exports

$640 million (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 168 $171.3 million (2003)

Exports - partners

Serbia 17.5%, Hungary 16.9%, Croatia 10.1% (2011 est.)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$4.332 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$7.288 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 157 $7.273 billion (2011 est.) $7.099 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 0.8% industry: 11.3% services: 87.9% (2011)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$11,700 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 105 $11,700 (2011 est.) $11,000 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

0.2% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 182 2.5% (2011 est.) 2.5% (2010 est.)

Imports

$2.5 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 156 $601.7 million (2003)

Imports - partners

Serbia 28.4%, Greece 7.9%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 7.6% (2011 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3% (2011) country comparison to the world: 77 3.4% (2007)

Investment (gross fixed)

22% of GDP (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 70

Labor force

251,300 (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 167

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 6.3% industry: 20.9% services: 72.8% (2011 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$3.322 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 89 $3.604 billion (31 December 2010) $4.289 billion (31 December 2009)

Population below poverty line

6.6% (2010 est.)

Public debt

45% of GDP (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 75 38% of GDP (2006 est.) note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$400 million (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 149

Stock of broad money

$1.982 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 149 $2.01 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$3.29 billion (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 128 $3.771 billion (31 December 2008)

Stock of narrow money

$749 million (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 156 $783.3 million (31 December 2010 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

39.2% of GDP (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 54

Unemployment rate

11.5% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 124 14.7% (2007 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

1.941 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 151

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 151

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 94

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 164

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 163

Electricity - consumption

4.1 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 121

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 98

Electricity - from fossil fuels

24.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 185

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

75.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 19

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 136

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 157

Electricity - imports

1.5 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 52

Electricity - installed generating capacity

868,000 kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 126

Electricity - production

2.621 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 131

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 171

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 114

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 97

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 164

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 168

Refined petroleum products - consumption

4,446 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 174

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 200

Refined petroleum products - imports

3,666 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 165

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 174

Area

total: 13,812 sq km country comparison to the world: 162 land: 13,452 sq km water: 360 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Connecticut

Climate

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Coastline

293.5 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m

Environment - current issues

pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

42 30 N, 19 18 E

Geography - note

strategic location along the Adriatic coast

Irrigated land

22 sq km

Land boundaries

total: 625 km border countries: Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Kosovo 79 km, Serbia 124 km

Land use

arable land: 13.7% permanent crops: 1% other: 85.3%

Location

Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: defined by treaty

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes

Natural resources

bauxite, hydroelectricity

Terrain

highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus

Administrative divisions

21 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak

Capital

name: Podgorica; note - the Old Royal Capital is Cetinje mentioned in the constitution geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Constitution

approved 19 October 2007 (by the Assembly)

Country name

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Montenegro local long form: none local short form: Crna Gora former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Sue K BROWN embassy: Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [382] 20 410 500 FAX: [382] 20 241 358

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Srdjan DARMANOVIC chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108 FAX: [1] (202) 234-6109 consulate(s) general: New York

Executive branch

chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 6 April 2008) head of government: Prime Minister Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 4 December 2012) cabinet: Ministries act as cabinet (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 6 April 2008 (next to be held in 2013); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly election results: Filip VUJANOVIC reelected president; Filip VUJANOVIC 51.9%, Andrija MANDIC 19.6%, Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC 16.6%, Srdan MILIC 11.9%

Flag description

a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is symbol of episcopal authority and harks back to the three and a half centuries that Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy

Government type

republic

Independence

3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICC jurisdiction

International organization participation

CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Constitutional Court (five judges serve nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure)

Legal system

civil law

Legislative branch

unicameral Assembly (81 seats; members elected by direct vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 14 October 2012 (next to be held by 2016) election results: percent of vote by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 45.6%, Democratic Front 22.8%, SNP 11.1%, Positive Montenegro 8.2%, Bosniak Party, 4.2%, other (including Albanian and Croatian minority parties) 8.1%; seats by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 39, Democratic Front 20, SNP 9, Positive Montenegro 7, Bosniak Party 3, Albanian and Croatian minority parties 3

National anthem

name: "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May) lyrics/music: Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC note: adopted 2004; the anthem's music is based on a Montenegrin folk song

National holiday

National Day, 13 July (1878)

National symbol(s)

double-headed eagle

Political parties and leaders

Albanian Alternative or AA [Vesel SINISHTAJ]; Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]; Coalition for European Montenegro (bloc) [Milo DJUKANOVIC] (includes Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC], Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC], and the Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Andrija POPOVIC]); Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC]; Democratic Center or DC [Goran BATRICEVIC]; Democratic Front (bloc) [Miodrag LEKIC] (includes New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija POPOVIC], Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC], a dissident faction of the Socialist People's Party, and the Democratic Party of Unity [Zoran ZIZIC]); Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity [Mehmet BARDHIJ]; Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA]; FORCA [Nazif CUNGU]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC]; Positive Montenegro [Darko PAJOVIC]; Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdjan MILIC]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

The use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries Montenegro was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006.

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 149,159 females age 16-49: 131,823 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 3,120 female: 3,677 (2010 est.)

Military branches

Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army of Montenegro (includes Montenegrin Navy (Mornarica Crne Gore, MCG)), Air Force (2011)

Military service age and obligation

compulsory national military service abolished August 2006

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.4% (male 49,282/ female 52,098) 15-64 years: 71% (male 242,716/ female 223,908) 65 years and over: 13.6% (male 35,478/ female 53,912) (2012 est.)

Birth rate

10.89 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 176

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

2.2% (2006) country comparison to the world: 108

Death rate

9.03 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 67

Education expenditures

NA

Ethnic groups

Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12% (2003 census)

Hospital bed density

3.98 beds/1,000 population (2007)

Languages

Serbian 63.6%, Montenegrin (official) 22%, Bosnian 5.5%, Albanian 5.3%, unspecified (includes Croatian) 3.7% (2003 census)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98.4% male: 99.4% female: 97.4% (2010 est.)

Major cities - population

PODGORICA (capital) 144,000 (2009)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea vectorborne disease: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

8 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 162

Median age

total: 38.3 years male: 37.1 years female: 39.6 years (2012 est.)

Nationality

noun: Montenegrin(s) adjective: Montenegrin

Population

657,394 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 167

Population growth rate

-0.633% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 223

Religions

Orthodox 74.2%, Muslim 17.7%, Catholic 3.5%, other 0.6%, unspecified 3%, atheist 1% (2003 census)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 96% of population rural: 86% of population total: 92% of population unimproved: urban: 4% of population rural: 14% of population total: 8% of population

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female under 15 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.08 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 61% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 0.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

none

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 9,367 (Kosovo) (2011)

Airports

5 (2012) country comparison to the world: 180

Airports - with paved runways

total: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2010)

Heliports

1 (2012)

Merchant marine

total: 2 country comparison to the world: 146 by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1 registered in other countries: 4 (Bahamas 2, Honduras 1, Slovakia 1) (2010)

Ports and terminals

Bar

Railways

total: 250 km country comparison to the world: 124 standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (169 km electrified) (2007)

Roadways

total: 7,624 km country comparison to the world: 145 paved: 5,097 km unpaved: 2,527 km (2008)