Montenegro

Broadcast media

state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 public TV stations and some 20 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations and more than 40 private radio stations (2007)

Internet country code

.me

Internet hosts

10,088 (2012) country comparison to the world: 135

Internet users

280,000 (2009) country comparison to the world: 133

Telephone system

general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites domestic: GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing international: country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

163,000 (2012) country comparison to the world: 131

Telephones - mobile cellular

1.126 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 154

Agriculture - products

tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheep

Budget

revenues: $1.68 billion expenditures: $1.58 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

2.2% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 16

Commercial bank prime lending rate

9.69% (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 89 9.53% (31 December 2010 est.)

Current account balance

-$1.938 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 140 -$1.927 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$1.7 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 147 $1.2 billion (2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

24.3 (2010) country comparison to the world: 139 30 (2003)

Economy - overview

Montenegro's economy is slowly transitioning to a market system, but the state sector remains large and additional institutional changes are needed. The economy relies heavily on foreign tourism and the export of refined metals. Unprofitable state-owned enterprises, especially the Podgorica Aluminum Kombine, the country’s largest exporter, weigh heavily on public finances. During the MILOSEVIC era, Montenegro severed its economy from Serbia, maintained its own central bank, adopted the Deutsche Mark, then shifted to the euro - rather than the Yugoslav dinar - as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed its own budget. The 2006 dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro led to separate memberships in several international financial institutions, such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro became the 156th member of World Trade Organization in December 2011. The European Council (EC) granted candidate country status to Montenegro at the December 2010 session. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EC in June, 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime. Unemployment and disparities in regional development, especially in the north, remain key political and economic problems. The global financial crisis had a significant negative impact on the economy, due to a credit crunch, a decline in the real estate sector, and a fall in aluminum exports. The Government of Montenegro increased value added tax (VAT) from 17% in 2012 to 19% in 2013 and raised income tax rates from 9% to 15% for those earning over €480 a month. In 2013, the government also retrenched by freezing pensions and limiting salary increases for public enterprises and members of the parliament.

Exchange rates

euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7634 (2013 est.) 0.7752 (2012 est.) 0.755 (2010 est.) 0.7198 (2009 est.) 0.6827 (2008 est.)

Exports

$489.2 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 176 $640 million (2011 est.)

Exports - partners

Croatia 22.7%, Serbia 22.7%, Slovenia 7.8% (2012 est.)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$4.518 billion (2013 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$7.429 billion (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 159 $7.318 billion (2012 est.) $7.358 billion (2011 est.) note: data are in 2013 US dollars

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 84.4% government consumption: 22.1% investment in fixed capital: 18.4% investment in inventories: 1.1% exports of goods and services: 40.2% imports of goods and services: -66.2% (2011 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 0.8% industry: 11.3% services: 87.9% (2011)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$11,900 (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 107 $11,800 (2012 est.) $11,900 (2011 est.) note: data are in 2013 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

1.5% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 163 -0.5% (2012 est.) 3.2% (2011 est.)

Imports

$2.4 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 157 $2.5 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - partners

Serbia 29.3%, Greece 8.7%, China 7.1% (2012 est.)

Industries

steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

4% (2012) country comparison to the world: 137 3% (2011)

Labor force

251,300 (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 166

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 6.3% industry: 20.9% services: 72.8% (2011 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$3.827 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 84 $3.322 billion (31 December 2011) $3.604 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Population below poverty line

6.6% (2010 est.)

Public debt

52.1% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 61 45% of GDP (2011 est.) note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$400 million (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 149

Stock of broad money

$1.982 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 151 $2.01 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$3.29 billion (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 123 $3.771 billion (31 December 2008)

Stock of narrow money

$749 million (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 154 $783.3 million (31 December 2010 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

37.2% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 55

Unemployment rate

19.1% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 159 11.5% (2011 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

2.166 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 151

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 91

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 194

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 162

Electricity - consumption

3.279 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 128

Electricity - exports

730 million kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 63

Electricity - from fossil fuels

24.2% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 187

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

75.8% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 18

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 136

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 201

Electricity - imports

732 million kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 69

Electricity - installed generating capacity

868,000 kW (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 126

Electricity - production

3.945 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 125

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 170

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 145

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 94

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 164

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 168

Refined petroleum products - consumption

4,446 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 173

Refined petroleum products - exports

369 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 114

Refined petroleum products - imports

3,300 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 168

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 172

Area

total: 13,812 sq km country comparison to the world: 162 land: 13,452 sq km water: 360 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Connecticut

Climate

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Coastline

293.5 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m

Environment - current issues

pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

42 30 N, 19 18 E

Geography - note

strategic location along the Adriatic coast

Irrigated land

24.12 sq km (2010)

Land boundaries

total: 625 km border countries: Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Kosovo 79 km, Serbia 124 km

Land use

arable land: 12.45% permanent crops: 1.16% other: 86.39% (2011)

Location

Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: defined by treaty

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes

Natural resources

bauxite, hydroelectricity

Terrain

highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus

Administrative divisions

23 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnijica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak

Capital

name: Podgorica; note - the Old Royal Capital is Cetinje mentioned in the constitution geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Constitution

several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007; note - in early 2013, Montenegro's parliamentary constitutional committee began debate on proposed amendments (2013)

Country name

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Montenegro local long form: none local short form: Crna Gora former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Sue K. BROWN (since 27 April 2011) embassy: Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [382] (0) 20 410 500 FAX: [382] (0) 20 241 358

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Srdjan DARMANOVIC (since 30 November 2010) chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108 FAX: [1] (202) 234-6109 consulate(s) general: New York

Executive branch

chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 6 April 2008) head of government: Prime Minister Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 4 December 2012) cabinet: Ministers act as cabinet (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by direct vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 April 2013 (next to be held in 2018); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly election results: Filip VUJANOVIC re-elected president; Filip VUJANOVIC 51.2%, Miodrag LEKIC 48.8%%

Flag description

a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries that Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy

Government type

republic

Independence

3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICC jurisdiction

International organization participation

CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president and 6 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 6 judges) judge selection and term of office: president of Supreme Court proposed jointly by the president of Montenegro, the speaker of the Assembly, and the prime minister; other judges elected by the Judicial Council; court president term is 5 years; term of other judges is 9 years; Constitutional Court judges proposed by the president of Montenegro and elected by the Assembly; court president elected among its members; term of judges is 9 years; court president term is 3 years subordinate courts: Administrative Court; Court of Appeal; regional and first instance courts

Legal system

civil law

Legislative branch

unicameral Assembly (81 seats; members elected by direct vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 14 October 2012 (next to be held by 2016) election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - Coalition for European Montenegro 45.6%, Democratic Front 22.8%, SNP 11.1%, Positive Montenegro 8.2%, Bosniak Party, 4.2%, other (including Albanian and Croatian minority parties) 8.1%; seats by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 39, Democratic Front 20, SNP 9, Positive Montenegro 7, Bosniak Party 3, Albanian and Croatian minority parties 3

National anthem

name: "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)

National holiday

National Day, 13 July (1878)

National symbol(s)

double-headed eagle

Political parties and leaders

Albanian Coalition (includes Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG [Mehmed BARDHI], Democratic Party [Fatmir DJEKA], and Albanian Alternative or AA [Djerdj DAMAJ]) Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC] Coalition for European Montenegro (bloc) [Milo DJUKANOVIC] (includes Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC], Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Andrija POPOCVIC], and the Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]) Coalition FORCA for Unity (includes FORCA [Nazif CUNGU] and Civic Initiative [Vaselj Sinistaj]) Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC] Democratic Center or DC [Goran BATRICEVIC] Democratic Front (bloc) [Miodrag LEKIC] (includes New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC] and Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC], a splinter faction of the Socialist People's Party or SNP) Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA] Just Montenegro [Rade BOJOVIC] Positive Montenegro [Darko PAJOVIC] Serbian National Alliance (bloc)(includes Party of Serb Radicals or SSR, Democratic Serb Party or DSS [Ranko KADIC], and the Serbian National Council) Serbian Unity (bloc) (includes Serbian People's Party or NS [Predrag POPOVIC], the Serb List or SL, the Serbian Homeland Party, the Serbian Radical Party, and the Democratic Centre of Boka or DCB [Dejan COROVIC]) Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdan MILIC] Together (bloc) (includes Pensioners' Party [Vojo VULETIC], Disabled and Social Justice, and the Yugoslav Communist Party of Montenegro or JKPCG)

Political pressure groups and leaders

NA

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006.

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 149,159 females age 16-49: 131,823 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 3,120 female: 3,677 (2010 est.)

Military branches

Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army of Montenegro (includes Montenegrin Navy (Mornarica Crne Gore, MCG)), Air Force (2011)

Military expenditures

1.87% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 45 1.95% of GDP (2011) 1.87% of GDP (2010)

Military service age and obligation

18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.2% (male 48,231/female 50,659) 15-24 years: 10.8% (male 33,085/female 37,029) 25-54 years: 47.1% (male 164,644/female 141,380) 55-64 years: 12.9% (male 41,765/female 42,075) 65 years and over: 13.8% (male 36,081/female 55,087) (2014 est.)

Birth rate

10.59 births/1,000 population (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 182

Child labor - children ages 5-14

total number: 8,520 percentage: 10 % (2005 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

2.2% (2006) country comparison to the world: 121

Contraceptive prevalence rate

39.4% (2005/06)

Death rate

9.3 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 60

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 46.8 % youth dependency ratio: 27.1 % elderly dependency ratio: 19.7 % potential support ratio: 5.1 (2014 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 99.6% of population rural: 95.3% of population total: 98% of population unimproved: urban: 0.4% of population rural: 4.7% of population total: 2% of population (2012 est.)

Education expenditures

NA

Ethnic groups

Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Roma 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)

Health expenditures

9.3% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 39

Hospital bed density

4 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Languages

Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98.5% male: 99.4% female: 97.6% (2011 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea vectorborne disease: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (2013)

Major urban areas - population

PODGORICA (capital) 156,000 (2011)

Maternal mortality rate

8 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 160

Median age

total: 39.2 years male: 38.2 years female: 40.5 years (2014 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

26.3 (2010 est.)

Nationality

noun: Montenegrin(s) adjective: Montenegrin

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

22.5% (2008) country comparison to the world: 79

Physicians density

2.03 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population

650,036 (July 2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 168

Population growth rate

-0.49% (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 223

Religions

Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 91.9% of population rural: 86.8% of population total: 90% of population unimproved: urban: 8.1% of population rural: 13.2% of population total: 10% of population (2012 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 16 years (2010)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 0.89 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.17 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 41.1% country comparison to the world: 11 male: 42.3% female: 39.7% (2012)

Urbanization

urban population: 63.3% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 0.38% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

none

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 6,967 (Kosovo) (2013) stateless persons: 3,383 (2012)

Airports

5 (2013) country comparison to the world: 181

Airports - with paved runways

total: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2013)

Heliports

1 (2012)

Merchant marine

total: 2 country comparison to the world: 141 by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1 registered in other countries: 4 (Bahamas 2, Honduras 1, Slovakia 1) (2010)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Bar

Railways

total: 250 km country comparison to the world: 124 standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (169 km electrified) (2010)

Roadways

total: 7,763 km country comparison to the world: 142 paved: 5,365 km unpaved: 2,398 km (2010)