Montenegro

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 137,426 (2017 est.) | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 21 (2017 est.)

Broadcast media

state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 3 local public TV stations and 13 private TV stations; 13 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and a few on-line media (2018)

Internet country code

.me

Internet users

total: 450,442 (July 2016 est.) | percent of population: 69.9% (July 2016 est.)

Telephone system

general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites (2015) | domestic: GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing (2015) | international: country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system (2015)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 152,155 (2017 est.) | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 24 (2017 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 1,044,674 (2017 est.) | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 163 (2017 est.)

Agriculture - products

tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives and related products, grapes; sheep, wine

Budget

revenues: 1.78 billion (2017 est.) | expenditures: 2.05 billion (2017 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-5.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

6.81% (31 December 2017 est.) | 7.45% (31 December 2016 est.)

Current account balance

-$780 million (2017 est.) | -$710 million (2016 est.)

Debt - external

$2.516 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $2.224 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

31.9 (2014 est.) | 32.3 (2013 est.)

Economy - overview

Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system. Around 90% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. Tourism, which accounts for more than 20% of Montenegro’s GDP, brings in three times as many visitors as Montenegro’s total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various stages of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. In addition to tourism, energy and agriculture are considered two distinct pillars of the economy. Only 20% of Montenegro’s hydropower potential is utilized. Montenegro plans to become a net energy exporter, and the construction of an underwater cable to Italy, which will be completed by the end of 2018, will help meet its goal. Montenegro uses the euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the euro zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the WTO. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EU in 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime. The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. Net foreign direct investment in 2017 reached $848 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe, due to a low corporate tax rate. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro in 2017 were Norway, Russia, Italy, Azerbaijan and Hungary. Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road and rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the country’s highway system, which will become part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Cheaper borrowing costs have stimulated Montenegro’s growing debt, which currently sits at 65.9% of GDP, with a forecast, absent fiscal consolidation, to increase to 80% once the repayment to China’s Ex/Im Bank of a €800 million highway loan begins in 2019. Montenegro first instituted a value-added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. The Montenegrin Government increased the non-tourism Value Added Tax (VAT) rate to 21% as of January 2018, with the goal of reducing its public debt.

Exchange rates

euros (EUR) per US dollar - | 0.885 (2017 est.) | 0.903 (2016 est.) | 0.9214 (2015 est.) | 0.885 (2014 est.) | 0.7634 (2013 est.)

Exports

$422.2 million (2017 est.) | $362 million (2016 est.)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$4.784 billion (2017 est.) (2017 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$11.08 billion (2017 est.) | $10.63 billion (2016 est.) | $10.32 billion (2015 est.) | note: data are in 2017 dollars

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 76.8% (2016 est.) | government consumption: 19.6% (2016 est.) | investment in fixed capital: 23.2% (2016 est.) | investment in inventories: 2.9% (2016 est.) | exports of goods and services: 40.5% (2016 est.) | imports of goods and services: -63% (2016 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 7.5% (2016 est.) | industry: 15.9% (2016 est.) | services: 76.6% (2016 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$17,800 (2017 est.) | $17,100 (2016 est.) | $16,600 (2015 est.) | note: data are in 2017 dollars

GDP - real growth rate

4.3% (2017 est.) | 2.9% (2016 est.) | 3.4% (2015 est.)

Gross national saving

13.2% of GDP (2017 est.) | 9.9% of GDP (2016 est.) | 9.1% of GDP (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 25.7% (2014 est.) | highest 10%: 25.7%

Imports

$2.618 billion (2017 est.) | $2.29 billion (2016 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

-4.2% (2017 est.)

Industries

steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

2.4% (2017 est.) | -0.3% (2016 est.)

Labor force

273,200 (2017 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 7.9% | industry: 17.1% | services: 75% (2017 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$3.425 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $3.027 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $3.246 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Population below poverty line

8.6% (2013 est.)

Public debt

67.2% of GDP (2017 est.) | 66.4% of GDP (2016 est.) | note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$1.077 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $846.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of broad money

$2.37 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $2.235 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$39.77 million (31 December 2017 est.) | $213.1 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$737.7 million (31 December 2017 est.) | $763.4 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$3.239 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $2.547 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$1.284 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $1.072 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

37.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate

16.1% (2017 est.) | 17.1% (2016 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

2.287 million Mt (2017 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity - consumption

2.808 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - exports

914 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

23% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

69% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

8% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - imports

1.21 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

890,000 kW (2016 est.)

Electricity - production

3.045 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2016)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (2016 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

6,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

357 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

6,448 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Area

total: 13,812 sq km | land: 13,452 sq km | water: 360 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Connecticut

Climate

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Coastline

293.5 km

Elevation

mean elevation: 1,086 m | elevation extremes: 0 m lowest point: Adriatic Sea | 2522 highest point: Bobotov Kuk

Environment - current issues

pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; serious air pollution in Podgorica, Pljevlja and Niksie; air pollution in Pljevlja is caused by the nearby lignite power plant and the domestic use of coal and wood for household heating

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution | signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

42 30 N, 19 18 E

Geography - note

strategic location along the Adriatic coast

Irrigated land

24 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

total: 680 km | border countries (5): Albania 186 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km, Croatia 19 km, Kosovo 76 km, Serbia 157 km

Land use

agricultural land: 38.2% (2011 est.) | arable land: 12.9% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 1.2% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 24.1% (2011 est.) | forest: 40.4% (2011 est.) | other: 21.4% (2011 est.)

Location

Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm | continental shelf: defined by treaty

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes

Natural resources

bauxite, hydroelectricity

Population distribution

highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area

Terrain

highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus

Administrative divisions

23 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnijica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak

Capital

name: Podgorica; note - Cetinje retains the status of "Old Royal Capital" | geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E | time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) | daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no | citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro | dual citizenship recognized: no | residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Constitution

history: several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007 (2016) | amendments: proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013, 2014 (2016)

Country name

conventional long form: none | conventional short form: Montenegro | local long form: none | local short form: Crna Gora | former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro | etymology: the country's name locally as well as in most Western European languages means "black mountain" and refers to the dark coniferous forests on Mount Lovcen and the surrounding area

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018) | embassy: Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro | mailing address: use embassy street address | telephone: [382] 20-410-500 | FAX: [382] 20-241-358

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Nebojsa KALUDEROVIC (since 18 January 2017) | chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009 | telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108 | FAX: [1] (202) 234-6109 | consulate(s) general: New York

Executive branch

chief of state: President Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 20 May 2018) | head of government: Prime Minister Dusko MARKOVIC (since 28 November 2016) | cabinet: Ministers act as cabinet | elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 15 April 2018 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly | election results: Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7%

Flag description

a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest courts: Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges) | judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms | subordinate courts: Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts

Legal system

civil law

Legislative branch

description: unicameral Assembly or Skupstina (81 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) | elections: last held on 16 October 2016 (next to be held by October 2020) | election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - DPS 41.4%, DF 20.3%, Key Coalition, 11.1%, DCG 10.0%, SDP 5.2%, SD 3.3%, BS, 3.2%, Albanians Decisively 1.3%, HGI .5%, other 3.7%; seats by party/coalition - DPS 36, DF 18, Key Coalition 9, DCG 8, SDP 4, SD 2, BS 2, Albanians Decisively 1, HGI 1; composition - men 62, women 19, percent of women 23.5%

National anthem

name: "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May) | lyrics/music: Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC | note: adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song

National holiday

National Day, 13 July (1878, the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world, and 1941, the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against fascist occupiers and sided with the partisan communist movement)

National symbol(s)

double-headed eagle; national colors: red, gold

Political parties and leaders

Albanians Decisively [Genci NIMANBEGU] (electoral coalition included FORCA, AA, DUA) Albanian Alternative or AA [Nik DJELOSAJ] Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC] Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC] Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Miodrag LEKIC] Democratic Front or DF [collective leadership] (coalition includes NOVA, PZP, DNP, RP) Democratic Montenegro or DCG [Aleksa BECIC] Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC] Democratic People's Party or DNP [Milan KNEZEVIC] Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA] Key Coalition [Miodrag LEKIC] (includes DEMOS, SNP, URA] Liberal Party or LP [Andrija POPOVIC] Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC] New Democratic Power or FORCA [Nazif CUNGU] New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC] Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC] Social Democrats or SD [Ivan BRAJOVIC] Socialist People's Party or SNP [Vladimir JOKOVIC] True Montenegro or PRAVA [Marko MILACIC] United Montenegro or UCG [Goran DANILOVIC] (split from DEMOS) United Reform Action or URA [Dritan ABAZOVIC] Workers' Party or RP [Janko VUCINIC]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro joined with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the two-state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006. In 2017, Montenegro joined NATO and is currently completing its EU accession process, having officially applied to join the EU in December 2008.

Military branches

Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army of Montenegro (includes Ground Troops (Kopnena Vojska), Montenegrin Navy (Mornarica Crne Gore, MCG)), Air Force (2016)

Military expenditures

1.7% of GDP (2018) | 1.66% of GDP (2017) | 1.61% of GDP (2016) | 1.38% of GDP (2015) | 1.47% of GDP (2014)

Military service age and obligation

18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)

Age structure

0-14 years: 18.22% (male 58,219 /female 53,718) | 15-24 years: 13.05% (male 41,406 /female 38,755) | 25-54 years: 40.16% (male 122,940 /female 123,746) | 55-64 years: 13.47% (male 40,661 /female 42,089) | 65 years and over: 15.09% (male 39,899 /female 52,816) (2018 est.) | population pyramid: The World Factbook Field Image Modal × Europe :: Montenegro Print Image Description This is the population pyramid for Montenegro. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends. For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.

Birth rate

11.9 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

1% (2013)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

23.3% (2013)

Death rate

10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 47.8 (2015 est.) | youth dependency ratio: 27.3 (2015 est.) | elderly dependency ratio: 20.5 (2015 est.) | potential support ratio: 4.9 (2015 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 100% of population | rural: 99.2% of population | total: 99.7% of population | unimproved: urban: 0% of population | rural: 0.8% of population | total: 0.3% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

NA

Ethnic groups

Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

<.1% (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

<100 (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

<500 (2017 est.)

Health expenditures

6.4% of GDP (2014)

Hospital bed density

4 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Languages

Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.) | total population: 98.7% (2015 est.) | male: 99.5% (2015 est.) | female: 98% (2015 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: intermediate (2016) | food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea (2016) | vectorborne diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (2016)

Major urban areas - population

177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)

Maternal mortality rate

7 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Median age

total: 38.9 years | male: 37.4 years | female: 40.4 years (2018 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

26.3 years (2010 est.)

Nationality

noun: Montenegrin(s) | adjective: Montenegrin

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

23.3% (2016)

Physicians density

2.34 physicians/1,000 population (2015)

Population

614,249 (July 2018 est.)

Population distribution

highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area

Population growth rate

-0.34% (2018 est.)

Religions

Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 98% of population (2015 est.) | rural: 92.2% of population (2015 est.) | total: 95.9% of population (2015 est.) | unimproved: urban: 2% of population (2015 est.) | rural: 7.8% of population (2015 est.) | total: 4.1% of population (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 15 years (2010) | male: 15 years (2010) | female: 15 years (2010)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 0-14 years: 0.97 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 15-24 years: 0.83 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 25-54 years: 1.17 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 55-64 years: 1 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 37.7% (2015 est.) | male: 39.9% (2015 est.) | female: 34.5% (2015 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 66.8% of total population (2018) | rate of urbanization: 0.54% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Terrorist groups - foreign based

Aum Shinrikyo (AUM): aim(s): enhance its networks in Montenegro for recruitment and fundraising area(s) of operation: maintains a limited presence; membership drastically depleted in March 2016 when authorities expelled 58 foreign members (April 2018)

Disputes - international

none

Refugees and internally displaced persons

stateless persons: 145 (2017)

Airports

5 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

total: 5 (2017) | 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2017) | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2017) | 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2017) | under 914 m: 1 (2017)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

4O (2016)

Heliports

1 (2012)

Merchant marine

total: 12 (2017) | by type: bulk carrier 4, other 8 (2017)

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 1 (2015) | inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 6 (2015) | annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 526,980 (2015) | annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 0 mt-km (2015)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Bar

Railways

total: 250 km (2017) | standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified) (2017)

Roadways

total: 7,762 km (2010) | paved: 7,141 km (2010) | unpaved: 621 km (2010)