Rwanda

Broadcast media

government owns and operates the only TV station; government-owned and operated Radio Rwanda has a national reach; 9 private radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)

Internet country code

.rw

Internet hosts

1,447 (2012) country comparison to the world: 168

Internet users

450,000 (2009) country comparison to the world: 118

Telephone system

general assessment: small, inadequate telephone system primarily serves business, education, and government domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the provinces by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellular telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone density has increased and now exceeds 40 telephones per 100 persons international: country code - 250; international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)

Telephones - main lines in use

38,900 (2011) country comparison to the world: 167

Telephones - mobile cellular

4.446 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 112

Agriculture - products

coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock

Budget

revenues: $1.788 billion expenditures: $1.911 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.8% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 70

Central bank discount rate

7.75% (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 19 11.25% (31 December 2008)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

17.5% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 27 17.4% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

-$657.8 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 102 -$692.2 million (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$937.2 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 159 $907.3 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

46.8 (2000) country comparison to the world: 32 28.9 (1985)

Economy - overview

Rwanda is a poor rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture and some mineral and agro-processing. Tourism, minerals, coffee and tea are Rwanda's main sources of foreign exchange. Minerals exports declined 40% in 2009-10 due to the global economic downturn. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and temporarily stalled the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy to pre-1994 levels. GDP has rebounded with an average annual growth of 7%-8% since 2003 and inflation has been reduced to single digits. Nonetheless, a significant percent of the population still live below the official poverty line. Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with demand, requiring food imports. Rwanda continues to receive substantial aid money and obtained IMF-World Bank Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative debt relief in 2005-06. In recognition of Rwanda's successful management of its macro economy, in 2010, the IMF graduated Rwanda to a Policy Support Instrument (PSI). Rwanda also received a Millennium Challenge Threshold Program in 2008. Africa's most densely populated country is trying to overcome the limitations of its small, landlocked economy by leveraging regional trade. Rwanda joined the East African Community and is aligning its budget, trade, and immigration policies with its regional partners. The government has embraced an expansionary fiscal policy to reduce poverty by improving education, infrastructure, and foreign and domestic investment and pursuing market-oriented reforms. Energy shortages, instability in neighboring states, and lack of adequate transportation linkages to other countries continue to handicap private sector growth. The Rwandan government is seeking to become regional leader in information and communication technologies. In 2010, Rwanda neared completion of the first modern Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Kigali. The SEZ seeks to attract investment in all sectors, but specifically in agribusiness, information and communications technologies, trade and logistics, mining, and construction. The global downturn hurt export demand and tourism, but economic growth has recovered, driven in large part by the services sector, but inflation has grown. On the back of this growth, government is gradually ending its fiscal stimulus policy while protecting aid to the poor.

Exchange rates

Rwandan francs (RWF) per US dollar - 624.8 (2012 est.) 601.83 (2011 est.) 583.13 (2010 est.) 568.18 (2009) 550 (2008)

Exports

$358.1 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 178 $372.6 million (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

coffee, tea, hides, tin ore

Exports - partners

Kenya 28%, Malaysia 15.5%, China 12.6%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 11.2%, US 5.2%, Swaziland 4.5% (2011)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$6.95 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$14.91 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 141 $13.84 billion (2011 est.) $12.75 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 33.3% industry: 13.9% services: 52.9% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$1,400 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 203 $1,400 (2011 est.) $1,300 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

7.7% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 17 8.6% (2011 est.) 7.2% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 43.2% (2011 est.)

Imports

$1.414 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 173 $1.368 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material

Imports - partners

Kenya 18.3%, Uganda 16.5%, US 10.5%, UAE 8.9%, China 5.8%, Tanzania 5.3% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate

7.5% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 36

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

8.5% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 185 4.9% (2011 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

22.1% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 68

Labor force

4.446 million (2007) country comparison to the world: 85

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 90% industry and services: 10% (2000)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

44.9% (2011 est.)

Public debt

21.8% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 126 24.5% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$1.198 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 130 $1.05 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$1.536 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 157 $1.324 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$13 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 89 $13 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$591.9 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 96 $507.3 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$711 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 164 $612.9 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$673.2 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 157 $593.2 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

25.7% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 121

Unemployment rate

NA%

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

869,400 Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 170

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 176

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 114

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 181

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 180

Electricity - consumption

301.4 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 174

Electricity - exports

2 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 87

Electricity - from fossil fuels

53.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 149

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

46.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 46

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 169

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 75

Electricity - imports

80 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 94

Electricity - installed generating capacity

56,250 kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 180

Electricity - production

240.2 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 178

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 188

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 141

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 123

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 184

Natural gas - proved reserves

56.63 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 65

Refined petroleum products - consumption

5,245 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 167

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 127

Refined petroleum products - imports

5,125 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 156

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 190

Area

total: 26,338 sq km country comparison to the world: 149 land: 24,668 sq km water: 1,670 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Maryland

Climate

temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 0.15 cu km/yr (24%/8%/68%) per capita: 17 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates

2 00 S, 30 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; most of the country is savanna grassland with the population predominantly rural

Irrigated land

90 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

total: 893 km border countries: Burundi 290 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 217 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km

Land use

arable land: 45.56% permanent crops: 10.25% other: 44.19% (2005)

Location

Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo volcanism: Visoke (elev. 3,711 m), located on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is the country's only historically active volcano

Natural resources

gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land

Terrain

mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east

Total renewable water resources

5.2 cu km (2003)

Administrative divisions

4 provinces (in French - provinces, singular - province; in Kinyarwanda - intara for singular and plural) and 1 city* (in French - ville; in Kinyarwanda - umujyi); Est (Eastern), Kigali*, Nord (Northern), Ouest (Western), Sud (Southern)

Capital

name: Kigali geographic coordinates: 1 57 S, 30 03 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

constitution passed by referendum 26 May 2003

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Rwanda conventional short form: Rwanda local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda local short form: Rwanda former: Ruanda, German East Africa

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Donald W. KORAN embassy: 2657 Avenue de la Gendarmerie, Kigali mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali telephone: [250] 596-400 FAX: [250] 596-591

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador James KIMONYO chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882 FAX: [1] (202) 232-4544

Executive branch

chief of state: President Paul KAGAME (since 22 April 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Pierre Damien HABUMUREMYI (since 7 October 2011) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: President elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on 9 August 2010 (next to be held in 2017) election results: Paul KAGAME elected to a second term as president; Paul KAGAME 93.1%, Jean NTAWUKURIRYAYO 5.1%, Prosper HIGIRO 1.4%, Alvera MUKABAR 0.4%

Flag description

three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band; blue represents happiness and peace, yellow economic development and mineral wealth, green hope of prosperity and natural resources; the sun symbolizes unity, as well as enlightenment and transparency from ignorance

Government type

republic; presidential, multiparty system

Independence

1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CEPGL, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court; High Courts of the Republic; Provincial Courts; District Courts; mediation committees

Legal system

mixed legal system of civil law, based on German and Belgian models, and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court

Legislative branch

bicameral Parliament consists of Senate (26 seats; 12 members elected by local councils, 8 appointed by the president, 4 appointed by the Political Organizations Forum, 2 represent institutions of higher learning; members to serve eight-year terms) and Chamber of Deputies (80 seats; 53 members elected by popular vote, 24 women elected by local bodies, 3 selected by youth and disability organizations; members to serve five-year terms) elections: Senate - NA; Chamber of Deputies - last held on 15 September 2008 (next to be held in September 2013) election results: percent of vote by party - RPF 78.8%, PSD 13.1%, PL 7.5%; seats by party - RPF 42, PSD 7, PL 4, additional 27 members indirectly elected

National anthem

name: "Rwanda nziza" (Rwanda, Our Beautiful Country) lyrics/music: Faustin MURIGO/Jean-Bosco HASHAKAIMANA note: adopted 2001

National holiday

Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

Political parties and leaders

Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Agnes MUKABARANGA]; Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Gonzague RWIGEMA]; Democratic Republican Movement or MDR [Celestin KABANDA] (officially banned); Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Musa Fazil HARERIMANA]; Liberal Party or PL [Protais MITALI]; Party for Democratic Renewal (officially banned); Party for Progress and Concord or PPC [Alvera MUKABARAMBA]; Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME]; Rwandan Socialist Party or PSR [Jean Baptist RUCIBIGANGO]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]; Socialist Party-Imberakuri or PS-Imberakuri [Christine MUKABUNANI]; Solidarity and Prosperity Party or PSP [Pheobe KANYANGE]

Political pressure groups and leaders

IBUKA (association of genocide survivors)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions, culminating in April 1994 in a state-orchestrated genocide, in which Rwandans killed up to a million of their fellow citizens, including approximately three-quarters of the Tutsi population. The genocide ended later that same year when the predominantly Tutsi RPF, operating out of Uganda and northern Rwanda, defeated the national army and Hutu militias, and established an RPF-led government of national unity. Approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire. Since then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but several thousand remained in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, the former Zaire) and formed an extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda, much as the RPF tried in 1990. Rwanda held its first local elections in 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in 2003. Rwanda in 2009 staged a joint military operation with the Congolese Army in DRC to rout out the Hutu extremist insurgency there and Kigali and Kinshasa restored diplomatic relations. Rwanda also joined the Commonwealth in late 2009.

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 2,625,917 females age 16-49: 2,608,110 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 1,685,066 females age 16-49: 1,749,580 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 110,736 female: 110,328 (2010 est.)

Military branches

Rwanda Defense Force (RDF): Rwanda Army (Rwanda Land Force), Rwanda Air Force (2012)

Military expenditures

2.9% of GDP (2006 est.) country comparison to the world: 47

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; Rwandan citizenship is required, as is a 9th grade education for enlisted recruits and an A-level certificate for officer candidates; enlistment is either as contract (5-years, renewable twice) or career; retirement (for officers and senior NCOs) after 20 years of service or at 40-60 years of age) (2012)

Age structure

0-14 years: 42.6% (male 2,506,610/ female 2,467,999) 15-64 years: 55% (male 3,203,243/ female 3,228,361) 65 years and over: 2.4% (male 113,915/ female 169,568) (2012 est.)

Birth rate

36.14 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 24

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

18% (2005) country comparison to the world: 41

Death rate

9.64 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 55

Education expenditures

4.1% of GDP (2008) country comparison to the world: 101

Ethnic groups

Hutu (Bantu) 84%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 15%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

2.9% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 25

HIV/AIDS - deaths

4,100 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 43

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

170,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 31

Health expenditures

9% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 43

Hospital bed density

1.6 beds/1,000 population (2007)

Infant mortality rate

total: 62.51 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 24 male: 66.09 deaths/1,000 live births female: 58.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages

Kinyarwanda (official, universal Bantu vernacular), French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili, used in commercial centers)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 58.44 years country comparison to the world: 193 male: 56.96 years female: 59.96 years (2012 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 71.1% male: 74.8% female: 67.5% (2010 est.)

Major cities - population

KIGALI (capital) 909,000 (2009)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

340 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 34

Median age

total: 18.8 years male: 18.6 years female: 19.1 years (2012 est.)

Nationality

noun: Rwandan(s) adjective: Rwandan

Net migration rate

1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 54

People - note

Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa

Physicians density

0.024 physicians/1,000 population (2005)

Population

11,689,696 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 73 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

Population growth rate

2.751% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 19

Religions

Roman Catholic 56.5%, Protestant 26%, Adventist 11.1%, Muslim 4.6%, indigenous beliefs 0.1%, none 1.7% (2001)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 50% of population rural: 55% of population total: 54% of population unimproved: urban: 50% of population rural: 45% of population total: 46% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 11 years male: 11 years female: 11 years (2009)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

4.81 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 26

Urbanization

urban population: 19% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 4.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

Burundi and Rwanda dispute two sq km (0.8 sq mi) of Sabanerwa, a farmed area in the Rukurazi Valley where the Akanyaru/Kanyaru River shifted its course southward after heavy rains in 1965; fighting among ethnic groups - loosely associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces in Great Lakes region transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC), Rwanda, and Uganda - abated substantially from a decade ago due largely to UN peacekeeping, international mediation, and efforts by local governments to create civil societies; nonetheless, 57,000 Rwandan refugees still reside in 21 African states, including Zambia, Gabon, and 20,000 who fled to Burundi in 2005 and 2006 to escape drought and recriminations from traditional courts investigating the 1994 massacres; the 2005 DROC and Rwanda border verification mechanism to stem rebel actions on both sides of the border remains in place

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 54,995 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2011) IDPs: undetermined (fighting between government and insurgency in 1998-99; returning refugees) (2012)

Airports

7 (2012) country comparison to the world: 165

Airports - with paved runways

total: 4 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2012)

Ports and terminals

Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye

Roadways

total: 14,008 km country comparison to the world: 126 paved: 2,662 km unpaved: 11,346 km (2004)

Waterways

(Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft) (2011)