Rwanda

Broadcast media

government owns and operates the only TV station; government-owned and operated Radio Rwanda has a national reach; 9 private radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)

Internet country code

.rw

Internet users

total: 1.1 million | percent of population: 9.2% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 120

Radio broadcast stations

AM 0, FM 10 (two main FM programs are broadcast through a system of repeaters; international FM programming includes the BBC, VOA, and Deutchewelle) (2007)

Telephone system

general assessment: small, inadequate telephone system primarily serves business, education, and government | domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to provincial centers by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellular telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone density has increased and now exceeds 40 telephones per 100 persons | international: country code - 250; international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service) (2010)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 49,600 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 163

Telephones - mobile cellular

total: 7.7 million | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 63 (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 98

Television broadcast stations

2 (2004)

Agriculture - products

coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock

Budget

revenues: $1.953 billion | expenditures: $2.249 billion (2014 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-3.7% of GDP (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 133

Central bank discount rate

7.75% (31 December 2010) | 11.25% (31 December 2008) | country comparison to the world: 39

Commercial bank prime lending rate

17.2% (31 December 2014 est.) | 17.3% (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 27

Current account balance

-$964 million (2014 est.) | -$562 million (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 108

Debt - external

$1.901 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $1.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 147

Distribution of family income - Gini index

46.8 (2000) | 28.9 (1985) | country comparison to the world: 28

Economy - overview

Rwanda is a rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in subsistence agriculture and some mineral and agro-processing. Tourism, minerals, coffee and tea are Rwanda's main sources of foreign exchange. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and temporarily stalled the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy to pre-1994 levels. GDP has rebounded with an average annual growth of 7%-8% since 2003 and inflation has been reduced to single digits. Nonetheless, a significant percent of the population still live below the official poverty line; 45% of the population now lives below the poverty line, compared to 57% in 2006. Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with demand, requiring food imports In recognition of Rwanda's successful management of its macro economy, in 2010, the IMF graduated Rwanda to a Policy Support Instrument (PSI). Africa's most densely populated country is trying to overcome the limitations of its small, landlocked economy by leveraging regional trade; Rwanda joined the East African Community and is aligning its budget, trade, and immigration policies with its regional partners. The government has embraced an expansionary fiscal policy to reduce poverty by improving education, infrastructure, and foreign and domestic investment and pursuing market-oriented reforms. Energy shortages, instability in neighboring states, and lack of adequate transportation linkages to other countries continue to handicap private sector growth. The Rwandan Government is seeking to become regional leader in information and communication technologies. In 2012, Rwanda completed the first modern Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Kigali. The SEZ seeks to attract investment in all sectors, but specifically in agribusiness, information and communications technologies, trade and logistics, mining, and construction.

Exchange rates

Rwandan francs (RWF) per US dollar - | 684.3 (2014 est.) | 644.4 (2013 est.) | 616.6 (2012 est.) | 601.83 (2011 est.) | 583.13 (2010 est.)

Exports

$720 million (2014 est.) | $703 million (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 168

Exports - commodities

coffee, tea, hides, tin ore

Exports - partners

China 18.7%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 16.1%, Malaysia 10.3%, Thailand 8.6%, US 8.2%, Swaziland 6.4%, Germany 5.8%, Pakistan 5% (2014)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$8.012 billion (2014 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$18.84 billion (2014 est.) | $17.61 billion (2013 est.) | $16.82 billion (2012 est.) | note: data are in 2014 US dollars | country comparison to the world: 144

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 82.6% | government consumption: 9.6% | investment in fixed capital: 24.2% | investment in inventories: 0% | exports of goods and services: 17% | imports of goods and services: -33.5% | (2014 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 32.5% | industry: 14.8% | services: 52.7% (2014 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$1,700 (2014 est.) | $1,600 (2013 est.) | $1,500 (2012 est.) | note: data are in 2014 US dollars | country comparison to the world: 211

GDP - real growth rate

7% (2014 est.) | 4.7% (2013 est.) | 8.8% (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 34

Gross national saving

13.2% of GDP (2014 est.) | 19.4% of GDP (2013 est.) | 14.6% of GDP (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 140

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.1% | highest 10%: 43.2% (2011 est.)

Imports

$1.898 billion (2014 est.) | $1.852 billion (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 168

Imports - commodities

foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material

Imports - partners

Uganda 15.6%, Kenya 11.8%, India 9.8%, China 8.3%, UAE 8.3%, Tanzania 5%, Belgium 5% (2014)

Industrial production growth rate

7.1% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 28

Industries

cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.8% (2014 est.) | 4.2% (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 90

Labor force

6.061 million (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 68

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 90% | industry and services: 10% (2000)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

44.9% (2011 est.)

Public debt

31.4% of GDP (2014 est.) | 29.7% of GDP (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 121

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$1.128 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $1.071 billion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 131

Stock of broad money

$1.387 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $1.245 billion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 163

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$12.9 million (31 December 2014 est.) | $12.9 million (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 98

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$1.016 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $853.9 million (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 105

Stock of domestic credit

$1.141 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $846.8 million (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 155

Stock of narrow money

$833 million (31 December 2014 est.) | $739.5 million (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 155

Taxes and other revenues

24.4% of GDP (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 121

Unemployment rate

NA%

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

769,300 Mt (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 172

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) | country comparison to the world: 174

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) | country comparison to the world: 114

Crude oil - production

10 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 122

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 181

Electricity - consumption

352.2 million kWh (2011 est.) | country comparison to the world: 173

Electricity - exports

5 million kWh (2011 est.) | country comparison to the world: 95

Electricity - from fossil fuels

39.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.) | country comparison to the world: 169

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

59.8% of total installed capacity (2011 est.) | country comparison to the world: 35

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.) | country comparison to the world: 171

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0.3% of total installed capacity (2011 est.) | country comparison to the world: 95

Electricity - imports

78 million kWh (2011 est.) | country comparison to the world: 97

Electricity - installed generating capacity

684,000 kW (2011 est.) | country comparison to the world: 134

Electricity - production

300.2 million kWh (2011 est.) | country comparison to the world: 178

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 188

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 170

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 123

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 185

Natural gas - proved reserves

56.63 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 62

Refined petroleum products - consumption

5,320 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 167

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) | country comparison to the world: 211

Refined petroleum products - imports

5,302 bbl/day (2010 est.) | country comparison to the world: 148

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) | country comparison to the world: 188

Area

total: 26,338 sq km | land: 24,668 sq km | water: 1,670 sq km | country comparison to the world: 149

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Maryland

Climate

temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m | highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands | signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 0.15 cu km/yr (33%/11%/55%) | per capita: 17.25 cu m/yr (2005)

Geographic coordinates

2 00 S, 30 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; most of the country is savanna grassland with the population predominantly rural

Irrigated land

96.25 sq km (2007)

Land boundaries

total: 930 km | border countries (4): Burundi 315 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 221 km, Tanzania 222 km, Uganda 172 km

Land use

agricultural land: 74.5% | arable land 47%; permanent crops 10.1%; permanent pasture 17.4% | forest: 18% | other: 7.5% (2011 est.)

Location

Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga Mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo | volcanism: Visoke (elev. 3,711 m), located on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is the country's only historically active volcano

Natural resources

gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land

Terrain

mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east

Total renewable water resources

9.5 cu km (2011)

Administrative divisions

4 provinces (in French - provinces, singular - province; in Kinyarwanda - intara for singular and plural) and 1 city* (in French - ville; in Kinyarwanda - umujyi); Est (Eastern), Kigali*, Nord (Northern), Ouest (Western), Sud (Southern)

Capital

name: Kigali | geographic coordinates: 1 57 S, 30 03 E | time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest adopted by referendum 26 May 2003, effective 4 June 2003; amended several times, last in 2010 (2013)

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Rwanda | conventional short form: Rwanda | local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda | local short form: Rwanda | former: Ruanda, German East Africa

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Erica BARKS-RUGGLES (since 26 January 2015) | embassy: 2657 Avenue de la Gendarmerie, Kigali | mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali | telephone: [250] 596-400 | FAX: [250] 596-591

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Mathilde MUKANTABANA (since 5 July 2013) | chancery: 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 418, Washington, DC, 2000 | telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882 | FAX: [1] (202) 232-4544

Executive branch

chief of state: President Paul KAGAME (since 22 April 2000) | head of government: Prime Minister Anastase MUREKEZI (since 24 July 2014) | cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president | elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 9 August 2010 (next to be held in 2017); prime minister appointed by the president | election results: Paul KAGAME reelected president; Paul KAGAME (RPF) 93.1%, Jean NTAWUKURIRYAYO (PSD) 5.1%, other 1.8%

Flag description

three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band; blue represents happiness and peace, yellow economic development and mineral wealth, green hope of prosperity and natural resources; the sun symbolizes unity, as well as enlightenment and transparency from ignorance

Government type

republic; presidential, multiparty system

Independence

1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CEPGL, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 12 judges; normally organized into 3-judge benches) | note: the Gacaca Court was established in 2001 by the National Unity Government to try cases of genocide against the Tutsis | judge selection and term of office: judges nominated by the president of the republic after consultation with the Cabinet and the Superior Council of the Judiciary (a 14-member body of judges, other judicial officials, and legal professionals), and approved by the Senate; court president and vice president appointed for 8-year nonrenewable terms; tenure of other judges NA | subordinate courts: High Court of the Republic; commercial courts including the High Commercial Court; intermediate courts; primary courts; Gacaca and military specialized courts

Legal system

mixed legal system of civil law, based on German and Belgian models, and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court

Legislative branch

description: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate or Senat (26 seats; 12 members indirectly elected by local councils, 8 appointed by the president, 4 appointed by the Political Organizations Forum - a body of registered political parties, and 2 selected by institutions of higher learning; members serve 8-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (80 seats; 53 members directly elected by proportional representation vote, 24 women elected by special interest groups, and 3 selected by youth and disability organizations; members serve 5-year terms) | elections: Senate - NA; Chamber of Deputies - last held on 16-18 September 2013 (next to be held in 2018) | election results: Chamber of Deputies percent of vote by party - RPF 76.2%, PSD 13%, PL 9.3%, other 1.5%; seats by party - RPF 41, PSD 7, PL 5, 27 members indirectly elected

National anthem

name: "Rwanda nziza" (Rwanda, Our Beautiful Country) | lyrics/music: Faustin MURIGO/Jean-Bosco HASHAKAIMANA | note: adopted 2001

National holiday

Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

National symbol(s)

traditional woven basket with peaked lid; national colors: blue, yellow, green

Political parties and leaders

Liberal Party or PL [Protais MITALI] | Party for Progress and Concord or PPC [Christian MARARA] | Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME] | Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]

Political pressure groups and leaders

IBUKA (association of genocide survivors)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions, culminating in April 1994 in a state-orchestrated genocide, in which Rwandans killed up to a million of their fellow citizens, including approximately three-quarters of the Tutsi population. The genocide ended later that same year when the predominantly Tutsi RPF, operating out of Uganda and northern Rwanda, defeated the national army and Hutu militias, and established an RPF-led government of national unity. Approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and former Zaire. Since then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but several thousand remained in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, the former Zaire) and formed an extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda, much as the RPF did in 1990. Rwanda held its first local elections in 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in 2003. Rwanda in 2009 staged a joint military operation with the Congolese Army in DRC to rout out the Hutu extremist insurgency there, and Kigali and Kinshasa restored diplomatic relations. Rwanda also joined the Commonwealth in late 2009 and assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2013-14 term.

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 2,625,917 | females age 16-49: 2,608,110 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 1,685,066 | females age 16-49: 1,749,580 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 110,736 | female: 110,328 (2010 est.)

Military branches

Rwanda Defense Force (RDF): Rwanda Army (Rwanda Land Force), Rwanda Air Force (Force Aerienne Rwandaise, FAR) (2013)

Military expenditures

1.12% of GDP (2012) | 1.19% of GDP (2011) | 1.12% of GDP (2010) | country comparison to the world: 91

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; Rwandan citizenship is required, as is a 9th-grade education for enlisted recruits and an A-level certificate for officer candidates; enlistment is either as contract (5-years, renewable twice) or career; retirement (for officers and senior NCOs) after 20 years of service or at 40-60 years of age (2012)

Age structure

0-14 years: 41.83% (male 2,670,040/female 2,626,646) | 15-24 years: 18.86% (male 1,193,523/female 1,193,953) | 25-54 years: 32.72% (male 2,077,406/female 2,065,261) | 55-64 years: 4.07% (male 239,924/female 274,829) | 65 years and over: 2.53% (male 131,613/female 188,538) (2015 est.)

Birth rate

33.75 births/1,000 population (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 30

Child labor - children ages 5-14

total number: 783,113 | percentage: 35% (2000 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

11.7% (2011) | country comparison to the world: 63

Contraceptive prevalence rate

51.6% (2010/11)

Death rate

8.96 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 69

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 78.1% | youth dependency ratio: 73.1% | elderly dependency ratio: 5% | potential support ratio: 20.1% (2015 est.)

Drinking water source

urban: 86.6% of population | rural: 71.9% of population | total: 76.1% of population | urban: 13.4% of population | rural: 28.1% of population | total: 23.9% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

5.1% of GDP (2013) | country comparison to the world: 73

Ethnic groups

Hutu (Bantu) 84%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 15%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

2.82% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 21

HIV/AIDS - deaths

3,000 (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 45

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

210,500 (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 29

Health expenditures

11.1% of GDP (2013) | country comparison to the world: 18

Hospital bed density

1.6 beds/1,000 population (2007)

Infant mortality rate

total: 58.19 deaths/1,000 live births | male: 61.68 deaths/1,000 live births | female: 54.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 23

Languages

Kinyarwanda only (official, universal Bantu vernacular) 93.2%, Kinyarwanda and other language(s) 6.2%, French (official) and other language(s) 0.1%, English (official) and other language(s) 0.1%, Swahili (or Kiswahili, used in commercial centers) 0.02%, other 0.03%, unspecified 0.3% (2002 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 59.67 years | male: 58.11 years | female: 61.27 years (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 199

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write | total population: 70.5% | male: 73.2% | female: 68% (2015 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high | food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever | vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever | animal contact disease: rabies (2013)

Major urban areas - population

KIGALI (capital) 1.257 million (2015)

Median age

total: 18.8 years | male: 18.6 years | female: 19 years (2015 est.)

Nationality

noun: Rwandan(s) | adjective: Rwandan

Net migration rate

0.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 66

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

3.3% (2014) | country comparison to the world: 170

People - note

Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa

Physicians density

0.06 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population

12,661,733 | note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 74

Population growth rate

2.56% (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 22

Religions

Roman Catholic 49.5%, Protestant 39.4% (includes Adventist 12.2% and other Protestant 27.2%), other Christian 4.5%, Muslim 1.8%, animist 0.1%, other 0.6%, none 3.6% (2001), unspecified 0.5% (2002 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 58.5% of population | rural: 62.9% of population | total: 61.6% of population | urban: 41.5% of population | rural: 37.1% of population | total: 38.4% of population (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 10 years | male: 10 years | female: 10 years (2013)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female | 0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female | 15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female | 25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female | 55-64 years: 0.87 male(s)/female | 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female | total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)

Total fertility rate

4.53 children born/woman (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 27

Urbanization

urban population: 28.8% of total population (2015) | rate of urbanization: 6.43% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

Burundi and Rwanda dispute two sq km (0.8 sq mi) of Sabanerwa, a farmed area in the Rukurazi Valley where the Akanyaru/Kanyaru River shifted its course southward after heavy rains in 1965; fighting among ethnic groups - loosely associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces in Great Lakes region transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC), Rwanda, and Uganda - abated substantially from a decade ago due largely to UN peacekeeping, international mediation, and efforts by local governments to create civil societies; nonetheless, 57,000 Rwandan refugees still reside in 21 African states, including Zambia, Gabon, and 20,000 who fled to Burundi in 2005 and 2006 to escape drought and recriminations from traditional courts investigating the 1994 massacres; the 2005 DROC and Rwanda border verification mechanism to stem rebel actions on both sides of the border remains in place

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 73,915 (Democratic Republic of the Congo); 69,316 (Burundi) (2015) | IDPs: undetermined (fighting between government and insurgency in 1998-99; returning refugees) (2012)

Trafficking in persons

current situation: Rwanda is a source and, to a lesser extent, transit and destination country for women and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Rwandan girls and, to a lesser extent, boys are exploited in domestic servitude within the country; Rwandan adults and children are forced to work in agriculture, industry, domestic servitude, and prostitution in Kenya, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Burundi, Zambia, South Africa, UAE, Malaysia, China, the US, and Europe; women and children from neighboring countries and Somalia are subjected to prostitution and forced labor in Rwanda; until its defeat in late 2013, M23, an armed group operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, recruited men and children with the support of some Rwandan officials | tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Rwanda does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2013, the government maintained strong efforts to investigate and prosecute some trafficking crimes but convicted no offenders and remained complicit in human trafficking crimes through its support of M23; the government opened five additional centers for assisting victims of gender-based violence and provided financial support to private and NGO-run child rehabilitation centers (2014)

Airports

7 (2013) | country comparison to the world: 167

Airports - with paved runways

total: 4 | over 3,047 m: 1 | 914 to 1,523 m: 2 | under 914 m: 1 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 3 | 914 to 1,523 m: 2 | 1 (2013)

Ports and terminals

lake port(s): Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye (Lake Kivu)

Roadways

total: 4,700 km | paved: 1,207 km | unpaved: 3,493 km (2012) | country comparison to the world: 153

Waterways

(Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft) (2011)