Rwanda

Broadcast media

government owns and operates the only TV station; government-owned and operated Radio Rwanda has a national reach; 9 private radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)

Internet country code

.rw

Internet users

total: 2,597,685 | percent of population: 20.0% (July 2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 120

Telephone system

general assessment: small, inadequate telephone system primarily serves business, education, and government | domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to provincial centers by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellular telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone density has increased and now exceeds 65 telephones per 100 persons | international: country code - 250; international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service) (2015)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 13,403 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (July 2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 163

Telephones - mobile cellular

total: 8,921,533 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 69 (July 2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 98

Agriculture - products

coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock

Budget

revenues: $1.958 billion | expenditures: $2.268 billion (2016 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-3.7% of GDP (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 133

Central bank discount rate

7.75% (31 December 2010) | 11.25% (31 December 2008) | country comparison to the world: 41

Commercial bank prime lending rate

17.3% (31 December 2016 est.) | 17.33% (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 25

Current account balance

$-1.211 billion (2016 est.) | $-1.106 billion (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 133

Debt - external

$2.611 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $2.244 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 145

Distribution of family income - Gini index

46.8 (2000) | 28.9 (1985) | country comparison to the world: 29

Economy - overview

Rwanda is a rural, agrarian country with about 35% of the population engaged in subsistence agriculture, and with some mineral and agro-processing. Population density is high but not concentrated in large metropolises – its 13 million people are spread out on a small amount of land (about the size of Vermont and New Hampshire combined). Tourism, minerals, coffee, and tea are Rwanda's main sources of foreign exchange. Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with demand, requiring food imports. Energy shortages, instability in neighboring states, and lack of adequate transportation linkages to other countries continue to handicap private sector growth. | The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and temporarily stalled the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy beyond pre-1994 levels. GDP has rebounded with an average annual growth of 6%-8% since 2003 and inflation has been reduced to single digits. In 2015, 39% of the population lived below the poverty line, according to government statistics, compared to 57% in 2006. Mining profits in 2015 were reduced by almost half, owing to the drop in global demand for minerals. | Africa's most densely populated country is trying to overcome the limitations of its small, landlocked economy by leveraging regional trade; Rwanda joined the East African Community and is aligning its budget, trade, and immigration policies with its regional partners. The government has embraced an expansionary fiscal policy to reduce poverty by improving education, infrastructure, and foreign and domestic investment. In recognition of Rwanda's successful management of its macro economy, the IMF graduated Rwanda to a Policy Support Instrument in 2010. | The Rwandan Government is seeking to become a regional leader in information and communication technologies. In 2012, Rwanda completed the first modern Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Kigali. The SEZ seeks to attract investment in all sectors, but specifically in agribusiness, information and communications, trade and logistics, mining, and construction. In 2016, the government launched an online system to give investors information about public land and its suitability for agricultural development.

Exchange rates

Rwandan francs (RWF) per US dollar - | 787.25 (2016 est.) | 787.25 (2015 est.) | 720.54 (2014 est.) | 680.95 (2013 est.) | 616.6 (2012 est.)

Exports

$745 million (2016 est.) | $683.7 million (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 165

Exports - commodities

coffee, tea, hides, tin ore

Exports - partners

Democratic Republic of the Congo 31.3%, Kenya 15.7%, UAE 13.8%, Switzerland 8.7%, Burundi 5.7% (2016)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$8.406 billion (2016 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$22.79 billion (2016 est.) | $21.24 billion (2015 est.) | $19.3 billion (2014 est.) | note: data are in 2016 dollars | country comparison to the world: 141

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 76.8% | government consumption: 15.2% | investment in fixed capital: 25.6% | investment in inventories: 0.6% | exports of goods and services: 15.1% | imports of goods and services: -33.2% (2016 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 31.5% | industry: 17.6% | services: 50.8% (2016 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$2,000 (2016 est.) | $1,900 (2015 est.) | $1,800 (2014 est.) | note: data are in 2016 dollars | country comparison to the world: 204

GDP - real growth rate

5.9% (2016 est.) | 8.9% (2015 est.) | 7.6% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 28

Gross national saving

7.6% of GDP (2016 est.) | 8.7% of GDP (2015 est.) | 8.6% of GDP (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 148

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.1% | highest 10%: 43.2% (2011 est.)

Imports

$2.045 billion (2016 est.) | $1.919 billion (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 157

Imports - commodities

foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material

Imports - partners

China 21.2%, Uganda 11.2%, Kenya 7.8%, India 7.4%, UAE 5.8%, Tanzania 5.3% (2016)

Industrial production growth rate

6.8% (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 25

Industries

cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

5.7% (2016 est.) | 2.5% (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 179

Labor force

6.011 million (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 74

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 75.3% | industry: 6.7% | services: 18% (2012 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

39.1% (2015 est.)

Public debt

43.4% of GDP (2016 est.) | 36.2% of GDP (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 120

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$1.104 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $1.03 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 123

Stock of broad money

$1.903 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $1.64 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 155

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$26.8 million (31 December 2016 est.) | $20.2 million (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 108

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$2.072 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $1.813 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 114

Stock of domestic credit

$1.959 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $1.337 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 146

Stock of narrow money

$940.6 million (31 December 2016 est.) | $1.013 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 155

Taxes and other revenues

23.3% of GDP (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 128

Unemployment rate

2.7% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 25

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

800,000 Mt (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 172

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 182

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 182

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 187

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2017 es) | country comparison to the world: 185

Electricity - consumption

644 million kWh (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 164

Electricity - exports

4 million kWh (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 92

Electricity - from fossil fuels

27.6% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 187

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

65.8% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 22

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 174

Electricity - from other renewable sources

6.6% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 86

Electricity - imports

90 million kWh (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 99

Electricity - installed generating capacity

152,000 kW (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 169

Electricity - production

600 million kWh (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 165

Electricity access

population without electricity: 9,300,000 | electrification - total population: 21% | electrification - urban areas: 67% | electrification - rural areas: 5% (2013)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 125

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 173

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 180

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 188

Natural gas - proved reserves

56.63 billion cu m (1 January 2017 es) | country comparison to the world: 63

Refined petroleum products - consumption

6,000 bbl/day (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 171

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 192

Refined petroleum products - imports

5,979 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 159

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 191

Area

total: 26,338 sq km | land: 24,668 sq km | water: 1,670 sq km | country comparison to the world: 149

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Maryland

Climate

temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

mean elevation: 1,598 m | elevation extremes: lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m | highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands | signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geographic coordinates

2 00 S, 30 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; most of the country is savanna grassland with the population predominantly rural

Irrigated land

96 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

total: 930 km | border countries (4): Burundi 315 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 221 km, Tanzania 222 km, Uganda 172 km

Land use

agricultural land: 74.5% | arable land 47%; permanent crops 10.1%; permanent pasture 17.4% | forest: 18% | other: 7.5% (2011 est.)

Location

Central Africa, east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, north of Burundi

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga Mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo | volcanism: Visoke (3,711 m), located on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is the country's only historically active volcano

Natural resources

gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land

Population - distribution

one of Africa's most densely populated countries; large concentrations tend to be in the central regions and along the shore of Lake Kivu in the west

Terrain

mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east

Administrative divisions

4 provinces (in French - provinces, singular - province; in Kinyarwanda - intara for singular and plural) and 1 city* (in French - ville; in Kinyarwanda - umujyi); Est (Eastern), Kigali*, Nord (Northern), Ouest (Western), Sud (Southern)

Capital

name: Kigali | geographic coordinates: 1 57 S, 30 03 E | time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no | citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Rwanda; if the father is stateless or unknown, the mother must be a citizen | dual citizenship recognized: no | residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Constitution

history: several previous; latest adopted by referendum 26 May 2003, effective 4 June 2003 | amendments: proposed by the president of the republic (with Council of Ministers approval) or by two-thirds majority support of both houses of Parliament; passage requires at least three-quarters majority vote in both houses; changes to constitutional articles on national sovereignty, the presidential term, the form and system of government, and political pluralism also require approval in a referendum; amended 2008, 2010, 2015 (2017)

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Rwanda | conventional short form: Rwanda | local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda | local short form: Rwanda | former: Ruanda, German East Africa | etymology: the name translates as "domain" in the native Kinyarwanda language

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Erica BARKS-RUGGLES (since 26 January 2015) | embassy: 2657 Avenue de la Gendarmerie, Kigali | mailing address: B.P. 28, Kigali | telephone: [250] 252 596-400 | FAX: [250] 252 580 325

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Mathilde MUKANTABANA (since 18 July 2013) | chancery: 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 418, Washington, DC, 2000 | telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882 | FAX: [1] (202) 232-4544

Executive branch

chief of state: President Paul KAGAME (since 22 April 2000) | head of government: Prime Minister Edouard NGIRENTE (since 30 August 2017) | cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president | elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); note - constitutional amendments approved in December 2016, included one that reduces the presidential term from 7 to 5 years but includes an exception that allowed President KAGAME to serve another 7-year term in 2017, potentially followed by two additional 5-year terms; election last held on 4 August 2017 (next to be held on 4 August 2024); prime minister appointed by the president | election results: Paul KAGAME reelected president; Paul KAGAME (RPF) 98.8%, Philippe MPAYIMANA (independent) 0.7%, Frank HABINEZA (DGP)0.5%

Flag description

three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band; blue represents happiness and peace, yellow economic development and mineral wealth, green hope of prosperity and natural resources; the sun symbolizes unity, as well as enlightenment and transparency from ignorance

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CEPGL, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the chief and deputy chief justices and 15 judges; normally organized into 3-judge panels); High Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and a minimum of 24 judges and organized into 5 chambers | note: Supreme Court judges nominated by the president of the republic after consultation with the Cabinet and the Superior Council of the Judiciary or SCJ (a 27-member body of judges, other judicial officials, and legal professionals) and approved by the Senate; chief and deputy chief justices appointed for 8-year nonrenewable terms; tenure of judges NA; High Court president and vice president appointed by the president of the republic upon approval by the Senate; judges appointed by the Supreme Court chief justice upon approval of the SCJ; judge tenure NA | judge selection and term of office: High Court of the Republic; commercial courts including the High Commercial Court; intermediate courts; primary courts; Gacaca and military specialized courts | subordinate courts: High Court of the Republic; commercial courts including the High Commercial Court; intermediate courts; primary courts; Gacaca and military specialized courts

Legal system

mixed legal system of civil law, based on German and Belgian models, and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court

Legislative branch

description: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate or Senat (26 seats; 12 members indirectly elected by local councils, 8 appointed by the president, 4 appointed by the Political Organizations Forum - a body of registered political parties, and 2 selected by institutions of higher learning; members serve 8-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (80 seats; 53 members directly elected by proportional representation vote, 24 women elected by special interest groups, and 3 selected by youth and disability organizations; members serve 5-year terms) | elections: Senate - NA; Chamber of Deputies - last held on 16-18 September 2013 (next to be held in 2018) | election results: Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - Rwandan Patriotic Front Coalition 76.2%, PSD 13%, PL 9.3%, other 1.5%; seats by party - Rwandan Patriotic Front Coalition 41, PSD 7, PL 5, 27 indirectly elected members

National anthem

name: "Rwanda nziza" (Rwanda, Our Beautiful Country) | lyrics/music: Faustin MURIGO/Jean-Bosco HASHAKAIMANA | note: adopted 2001

National holiday

Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

National symbol(s)

traditional woven basket with peaked lid; national colors: blue, yellow, green

Political parties and leaders

Liberal Party or PL [Donatille MUKABALISA] | Party for Progress and Concord or PPC [Dr. Alivera MUKABARAMBA] | Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME] | Rwandan Patriotic Front Coalition (includes RPF, PPC) [Paul KAGAME] | Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]

Political pressure groups and leaders

IBUKA (association of genocide survivors)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions, culminating in April 1994 in a state-orchestrated genocide, in which Rwandans killed up to a million of their fellow citizens, including approximately three-quarters of the Tutsi population. The genocide ended later that same year when the predominantly Tutsi RPF, operating out of Uganda and northern Rwanda, defeated the national army and Hutu militias, and established an RPF-led government of national unity. Approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and former Zaire. Since then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but several thousand remained in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, the former Zaire) and formed an extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda, much as the RPF did in 1990. Rwanda held its first local elections in 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in 2003. Rwanda in 2009 staged a joint military operation with the Congolese Army in DRC to rout out the Hutu extremist insurgency there, and Kigali and Kinshasa restored diplomatic relations. Rwanda also joined the Commonwealth in late 2009 and assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2013-14 term.

Military branches

Rwanda Defense Force (RDF): Rwanda Army (Rwanda Land Force), Rwanda Air Force (Force Aerienne Rwandaise, FAR) (2013)

Military expenditures

1.21% of GDP (2016) | 1.25% of GDP (2015) | 1.13% of GDP (2014) | 1.08% of GDP (2013) | 1.09% of GDP (2012) | country comparison to the world: 91

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; Rwandan citizenship is required, as is a 9th-grade education for enlisted recruits and an A-level certificate for officer candidates; enlistment is either as contract (5-years, renewable twice) or career; retirement (for officers and senior NCOs) after 20 years of service or at 40-60 years of age (2012)

Age structure

0-14 years: 41.38% (male 2,485,386/female 2,439,101) | 15-24 years: 19.34% (male 1,151,657/female 1,149,928) | 25-54 years: 32.77% (male 1,845,501/female 2,054,410) | 55-64 years: 4.09% (male 216,725/female 269,972) | 65 years and over: 2.43% (male 113,822/female 174,982) (2017 est.)

Birth rate

30.7 births/1,000 population (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 35

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

9.3% (2015) | country comparison to the world: 63

Contraceptive prevalence rate

53.2% (2014/15)

Death rate

6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 149

Demographic profile

Rwanda’s fertility rate declined sharply during the last decade, as a result of the government’s commitment to family planning, the increased use of contraceptives, and a downward trend in ideal family size. Increases in educational attainment, particularly among girls, and exposure to social media also contributed to the reduction in the birth rate. The average number of births per woman decreased from a 5.6 in 2005 to 4.5 in 2016. Despite these significant strides in reducing fertility, Rwanda’s birth rate remains very high and will continue to for an extended period of time because of its large population entering reproductive age. Because Rwanda is one of the most densely populated countries in Africa, its persistent high population growth and increasingly small agricultural landholdings will put additional strain on families’ ability to raise foodstuffs and access potable water. These conditions will also hinder the government’s efforts to reduce poverty and prevent environmental degradation. | The UNHCR recommended that effective 30 June 2013 countries invoke a cessation of refugee status for those Rwandans who fled their homeland between 1959 and 1998, including the 1994 genocide, on the grounds that the conditions that drove them to seek protection abroad no longer exist. The UNHCR’s decision is controversial because many Rwandan refugees still fear persecution if they return home, concerns that are supported by the number of Rwandans granted asylum since 1998 and by the number exempted from the cessation. Rwandan refugees can still seek an exemption or local integration, but host countries are anxious to send the refugees back to Rwanda and are likely to avoid options that enable them to stay. Conversely, Rwanda itself hosts almost 160,000 refugees as of 2017; virtually all of them fleeing conflict in neighboring Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 77.3 | youth dependency ratio: 72.4 | elderly dependency ratio: 5 | potential support ratio: 20.1 (2015 est.)

Drinking water source

urban: 86.6% of population | rural: 71.9% of population | total: 76.1% of population | urban: 13.4% of population | rural: 28.1% of population | total: 23.9% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

5% of GDP (2013) | country comparison to the world: 73

Ethnic groups

Hutu (Bantu), Tutsi (Hamitic), Twa (Pygmy)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

3.1% (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 18

HIV/AIDS - deaths

3,300 (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 39

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

220,000 (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 27

Health expenditures

7.5% of GDP (2014) | country comparison to the world: 65

Hospital bed density

1.6 beds/1,000 population (2007)

Infant mortality rate

total: 29.7 deaths/1,000 live births | male: 32.7 deaths/1,000 live births | female: 26.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 64

Languages

Kinyarwanda (official, universal Bantu vernacular) 93.2%, French (official) <.1, English (official) <.1, Swahili (or Kiswahili, used in commercial centers) <.1, more than one language, other 6.3%, unspecified 0.3% (2002 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 64.3 years | male: 62.3 years | female: 66.3 years (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 187

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write | total population: 70.5% | male: 73.2% | female: 68% (2015 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high | food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever | vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever | animal contact disease: rabies (2016)

Major urban areas - population

KIGALI (capital) 1.257 million (2015)

Maternal mortality ratio

290 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 43

Median age

total: 19 years | male: 18.3 years | female: 19.8 years (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 203

Mother's mean age at first birth

23 years | note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2014/15 est.)

Nationality

noun: Rwandan(s) | adjective: Rwandan

Net migration rate

0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 68

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

5.8% (2016) | country comparison to the world: 174

Physicians density

0.06 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population

11,901,484 | note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 76

Population distribution

one of Africa's most densely populated countries; large concentrations tend to be in the central regions and along the shore of Lake Kivu in the west

Population growth rate

2.45% (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 23

Religions

Protestant 50.2% (includes Adventist 12% and other Protestant 38.2%), Roman Catholic 44.3%, Muslim 2%, other 0.9% (includes traditionalist/animist), none 2.5%, unspecified <.1 (2002 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 58.5% of population | rural: 62.9% of population | total: 61.6% of population | urban: 41.5% of population | rural: 37.1% of population | total: 38.4% of population (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 11 years | male: 11 years | female: 11 years (2013)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female | 0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female | 15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female | 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female | 55-64 years: 0.88 male(s)/female | 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female | total population: 1 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Total fertility rate

3.87 children born/woman (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 38

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 4.4% | male: 3.6% | female: 5.2% (2012 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 30.7% of total population (2017) | rate of urbanization: 5.59% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Disputes - international

Burundi and Rwanda dispute two sq km (0.8 sq mi) of Sabanerwa, a farmed area in the Rukurazi Valley where the Akanyaru/Kanyaru River shifted its course southward after heavy rains in 1965; fighting among ethnic groups - loosely associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces in Great Lakes region transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC), Rwanda, and Uganda - abated substantially from a decade ago due largely to UN peacekeeping, international mediation, and efforts by local governments to create civil societies; nonetheless, 57,000 Rwandan refugees still reside in 21 African states, including Zambia, Gabon, and 20,000 who fled to Burundi in 2005 and 2006 to escape drought and recriminations from traditional courts investigating the 1994 massacres; the 2005 DROC and Rwanda border verification mechanism to stem rebel actions on both sides of the border remains in place

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 89,575 (Burundi); 74,933 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2017)

Airports

7 (2013) | country comparison to the world: 167

Airports - with paved runways

total: 4 | over 3,047 m: 1 | 914 to 1,523 m: 2 | under 914 m: 1 (2017)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 3 | 914 to 1,523 m: 2 | under 914 m: 1 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

9XR (2016)

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 1 | inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 9 | annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 645,815 | annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 21,382,897 mt-km (2015)

Ports and terminals

lake port(s): Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye (Lake Kivu)

Roadways

total: 4,700 km | paved: 1,207 km | unpaved: 3,493 km (2012) | country comparison to the world: 152

Waterways

(Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft) (2011)